{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:24:05Z","timestamp":1790630645661,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]],"date-time":"2015-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland","award":["DI2011025641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DI2011025641"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transplant Infectious Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The gut microbial ecosystem plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. However, the association of microbial community structure with the severity of liver dysfunction is not completely understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fecal microflora was assessed in 40 patients with liver cirrhosis listed for primary liver transplantation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LT<\/jats:styled-content>). Independent associations between fecal microbial counts and serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, international normalized ratio (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INR<\/jats:styled-content>), and the Model for End\u2010stage Liver Disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MELD<\/jats:styled-content>) score were established in multiple linear regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic> (standardized regression coefficient [s\u03b2]\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.549; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> (s\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.369; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004), and yeast (s\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.315; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.018) numbers were independently associated with serum bilirubin, while <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> counts (s\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.318; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.046) correlated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INR<\/jats:styled-content>, and <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic> counts (s\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.410; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.009) with serum creatinine. Only <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic> (s\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.468; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003) and <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> (s\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.331; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.029) counts were independent predictors of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MELD<\/jats:styled-content> score. <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium\/Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> ratio, proposed as a measure of pre\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LT<\/jats:styled-content> gut dysbiosis, was significantly related to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MELD<\/jats:styled-content> score following the adjustment for the absolute <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic> (s\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.333; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.029) and <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> (s\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.966; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003) numbers. This pre\u2010transplant dysbiosis ratio (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTDR<\/jats:styled-content>) was significantly correlated with <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.897; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) but not with <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.098; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.546) counts. Among the other components of gut microflora, only hydrogen peroxide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>)\u2010producing <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> strains significantly influenced <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> counts (s\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.349; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.028) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTDR<\/jats:styled-content> (s\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.318; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.046).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the abundance of both <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> is related to liver dysfunction, the size of the <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> population seems to be the most important determinant of pre\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LT<\/jats:styled-content> gut dysbiosis in cirrhotic patients. The H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010producing <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> strains potentially ameliorate this dysbiotic state.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]],"date-time":"2015-03-02T06:13:11Z","timestamp":1425276791000},"page":"174-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The relevance of intestinal dysbiosis in liver transplant candidates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Gr\u0105t","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Transplant, and Liver Surgery Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Ho\u0142\u00f3wko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Transplant, and Liver Surgery Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw 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