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It is caused by reactivation of the John Cunningham (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JC<\/jats:styled-content>) virus in an immunocompromised host. This report describes an unfortunate case of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PML<\/jats:styled-content> in a recipient of an allogeneic stem cell transplant for acute myelogenous leukemia. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JC<\/jats:styled-content> virus was undetectable in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid by polymerase chain reaction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>); however, a positive diagnosis was made after a brain biopsy. This and other published cases demonstrate that recipients of allogeneic stem cells can develop <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PML<\/jats:styled-content>. Moreover, early diagnosis of the disease is often difficult and, as demonstrated in this case, screening with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> does not appear to have strong diagnostic significance. With no effective treatment presently available, restoration of immune function is the only intervention that can affect prognosis. Further prospective studies are needed to understand the pathophysiology and treatment of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T10:12:39Z","timestamp":1520417559000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: Case report and review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Cai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology and Oncology Fellowship University of Florida  Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candace","family":"Deberardinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood &amp; Marrow Transplant Center Florida Hospital  Orlando FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rushang","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood &amp; Marrow Transplant Center Florida Hospital  Orlando FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema M.","family":"Shroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department Florida Hospital  Orlando FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department Florida Hospital  Orlando FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood &amp; Marrow Transplant Center Florida Hospital  Orlando FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0239-3904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahram","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood &amp; Marrow Transplant Center Florida Hospital  Orlando FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2001.24925"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280152537166"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-012-0080-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"685","article-title":"The human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV): virological background and clinical implications. 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