{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:40:39Z","timestamp":1790995239200,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transplant Infectious Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>An outbreak of Pneumocystis pneumonia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCP<\/jats:styled-content>) in liver transplant recipients occurred between 2009 and 2011 at the Beaujon University Hospital just after immediate\u2010release tacrolimus was replaced by extended\u2010release tacrolimus. We conducted a retrospective study to analyze the transmission mode of <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>, the role of the change in the immunosuppressive regimen, and the factors associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCP<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyze transmission, we built a transmission map. Two control groups were built. First, to assess the role of the change from tac<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IR<\/jats:styled-content> to tac<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ER<\/jats:styled-content>, cases were matched to controls transplanted before 2009 (tac<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IR<\/jats:styled-content> control group). Tacrolimus trough concentrations were compared between the 2 groups. Then, to assess factors associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCP<\/jats:styled-content>, each <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCP<\/jats:styled-content> case was matched to 2 control patients: the one transplanted just before and the one just after (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCPA<\/jats:styled-content>sFact control group). No <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCP<\/jats:styled-content> prophylaxis was given to any patient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifteen cases of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCP<\/jats:styled-content> were recorded. A contact between a case and a patient who developed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCP<\/jats:styled-content> afterward was identified in 4 occasions. The comparison of tacrolimus trough concentrations did not conclude to a difference in the exposure to the drug. Lymphopenia was the only factor independently associated with the occurrence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCP<\/jats:styled-content> (odds ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.61\u20100.99, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that patient\u2010to\u2010patient transmission was not the main mode of transmission of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCP<\/jats:styled-content>. We found no evidence that the switch from tac<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IR<\/jats:styled-content> to tac<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ER<\/jats:styled-content> led to an overexposure to tacrolimus. Our results suggest the possibility of targeted prophylaxis in immunosuppressed liver transplant recipients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]],"date-time":"2018-06-13T07:12:35Z","timestamp":1528873955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An outbreak of <i>Pneumocytis jirovecii<\/i> pneumonia among liver transplant recipients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1201-7830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Miguel Montanes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical\u2010Surgical Intensive Care Unit H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier AP\u2010HP  Colombes France"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Geneva University Hospitals  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"Elkrief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHU Unity Hepatology Department H\u00f4pital Beaujon \u2010 AP\u2010HP  Clichy France"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Geneva University Hospital  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hajage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Clinical Research Department H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier AP\u2010HP  Colombes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Houssel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHU Unity Hepatology Department H\u00f4pital Beaujon \u2010 AP\u2010HP  Clichy France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Fantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine H\u00f4pital Beaujon AP\u2010HP  Clichy France"},{"name":"Univ Paris Diderot IAME  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Francoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHU Unity Hepatology Department H\u00f4pital Beaujon \u2010 AP\u2010HP  Clichy France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Dreyfuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical\u2010Surgical Intensive Care Unit H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier AP\u2010HP  Colombes France"},{"name":"Univ Paris Diderot IAME  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Damien","family":"Ricard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical\u2010Surgical Intensive Care Unit H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier AP\u2010HP  Colombes France"},{"name":"Univ Paris Diderot IAME  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHU Unity Hepatology Department H\u00f4pital Beaujon \u2010 AP\u2010HP  Clichy France"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot INSERM U1149  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-1139-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2008.00318.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2009.00449.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pix052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23424"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3182384b57"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/513198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir329"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1010.040453"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02016-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"673","article-title":"Outbreaks and clustering of Pneumocystis pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Boer MGJ","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/10.7.1194","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in renal transplant recipients","volume":"10","author":"Branten AJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2009.00447.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181aed389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3182a1618c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis216"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3835-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.03.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.25879"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510240069035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10619.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.6.842"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960000354"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-003-1092-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00650.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/653933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2011.01521.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2011.01254.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2010.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199001183220304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2012.09.089"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12947"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12876"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr048"}],"container-title":["Transplant Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftid.12956","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tid.12956","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T04:10:41Z","timestamp":1694837441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tid.12956"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tid.12956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tid.12956","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1398-2273","1399-3062"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1398-2273","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3062","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-02-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-06-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e12956"}}