{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:22:57Z","timestamp":1788355377628,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]],"date-time":"2020-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007698","name":"University of Florida","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transplant Infectious Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV\u00a0+\u00a0patients are commonly accepted for kidney transplantation. However, patients on protease inhibitor (PI)\u2010 or cobicistat (cobi)\u2010based regimens have trouble achieving optimal tacrolimus (Tac) levels. Our study compared the ability to achieve target levels using liquid versus immediate\u2010release capsule Tac in kidney transplant patients with HIV on PI\u2010 or cobi\u2010based regimens. The study included four kidney transplant patients who were converted to liquid Tac due to inability to achieve acceptable drug levels on the capsule formulation. Tac trough levels were analyzed retrospectively to compare target levels before and after conversion. The individual patient time in the therapeutic range (TTR) was calculated using Rosendaal's linear interpolation method, and the difference between before and after conversion TTR was determined. In combined data, 44.63% of all Tac trough levels were within the target range after conversion to liquid Tac compared to 22.07% prior to conversion (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). Furthermore, 3.31% and 7.44% of Tac trough levels were lower than 3\u00a0ng\/mL or higher than 12\u00a0ng\/mL, respectively, after conversion compared to 11.72% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.0564) and 24.14% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0001) prior to conversion. The overall mean TTR was 45.1% after conversion to liquid Tac compared to 16.2% prior to conversion (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.097). Finally, the coefficient of variation for Tac trough levels was 42.6 after conversion compared to 56.4 prior to conversion. A significantly improved ability to achieve target trough Tac levels was achieved with liquid Tac extemporaneous versus capsule formulation in kidney transplant patients with HIV taking a PI\u2010 or cobi\u2010based regimen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,21]],"date-time":"2020-11-21T03:42:17Z","timestamp":1605930137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Improved ability to achieve target trough levels with liquid versus capsule tacrolimus in kidney transplant patients with HIV on protease inhibitor\u2010 or cobicistat\u2010based regimens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Uraiwan","family":"Akanit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Division of Pharmacy Practice Mueang Si Khai Ubon Ratchathani University Ubon Ratchathani Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahab","family":"Bozorgmehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Hypertension &amp; Renal Transplantation Department of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kawther","family":"Alquadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Hypertension &amp; Renal Transplantation Department of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joelle","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University Health System San Antonio TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor Scott and White Health System Temple TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tezcan","family":"Ozrazgat\u2010Baslanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Hypertension &amp; Renal Transplantation Department of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4122-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl L.","family":"Womer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Hypertension &amp; Renal Transplantation Department of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL USA"},{"name":"Porter Adventist Hospital, Transplant Denver CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199804303381808"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1335-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000062963.56513.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(01)02569-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.53328"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.97139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"The superiority of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients \u2014 the Pittsburgh experience","author":"Shapiro R","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Transpl"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2012.0169"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1752"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1D076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2003.50171"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-004-0824-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1651587"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2002.34880"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"3153","article-title":"Association of elevated FK 506 plasma levels with nephrotoxicity in liver\u2010grafted patients","volume":"23","author":"Winkler M","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199402270-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/aidsinfo.nih.gov\/guidelines\/brief\u2010html\/1\/adult\u2010and\u2010adolescent\u2010arv\/0. 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