{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:25:33Z","timestamp":1788474333466,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transplant Infectious Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at increased risk for severe COVID\u201019 and often exhibit reduced vaccine efficacy due to chronic immunosuppression. As new SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants emerge, understanding immune responses following natural infection remains critical for informing protection strategies in this vulnerable population. We conducted a longitudinal study of SOT recipients who had recovered from Omicron BA.1 or BA.2 infection, evaluating immune responses to the JN.1 subvariant at 4\u20136 weeks and 1 year postinfection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neutralizing antibodies to JN.1 were measured using a pseudovirus neutralization assay, and JN.1\u2010specific T\u2010cell responses were assessed by flow cytometry. Frequencies of bulk T\u2010cells and innate immune cells, identified via flow cytometry, and their correlation with adaptive responses were also analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At 4\u20136 weeks, 30% of participants had detectable JN.1\u2010neutralizing antibodies, rising to 43% at one year, although titers remained low. In contrast, CD4\u207a T\u2010cell responses were robust and detected in 75%\u201383% of participants at 4\u20136 weeks, increasing to 75%\u201393% by 1 year. CD8\u207a T\u2010cell responses were observed less frequently. Exploratory correlations between innate and bulk T\u2010cell subsets with heterologous adaptive immune responses were investigated but did not reveal statistically significant relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings offer important insights into the durability and breadth of immunity following natural infection in immunocompromised transplant recipients. While heterologous neutralizing antibodies were limited, sustained CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u2010cell responses may help mitigate severe disease following exposure to JN.1\u2010derived variants, which continue to dominate the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 landscape.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.70067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T02:34:41Z","timestamp":1751510081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Longitudinal Innate and Heterologous Adaptive Immune Responses to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 JN.1 in Transplant Recipients With Prior Omicron Infection: Limited Neutralization but Robust CD4\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    T\u2010Cell Activity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1472-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor H.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network (UHN) Ajmera Transplant Centre Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI)  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3395-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon","family":"Keith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network (UHN) Ajmera Transplant Centre Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI)  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faranak","family":"Mavandadnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network (UHN) Ajmera Transplant Centre Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI)  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network (UHN) Ajmera Transplant Centre Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI)  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Marocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network (UHN) Ajmera Transplant Centre Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI)  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Golnaz","family":"Amidpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network (UHN) Ajmera Transplant Centre Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI)  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kurtesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunenfeld\u2010Tanenbaum Research Institute Sinai Health  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2859-3667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freda","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunenfeld\u2010Tanenbaum Research Institute Sinai Health  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6090-4437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne\u2010Claude","family":"Gingras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunenfeld\u2010Tanenbaum Research Institute Sinai Health  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario 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