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Besides the well\u2010established indications for apheresis treatment, such as familial hypercholesterolaemia, hyperviscosity syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TTP<\/jats:styled-content>), we discuss the novel approaches in the therapy of dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac failure and some specific syndromes of severe dysfunction occurring after heart transplantation. The rationale for using apheresis in such patients is the contribution in immune modulation that this procedure can undoubtedly provide. The clinical course of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TTP<\/jats:styled-content> has dramatically changed, thanks to the introduction of therapeutic plasma exchange. Low\u2010density lipoprotein apheresis has been extremely efficacious, safe and suitable for lowering cholesterol levels and can be used even for long\u2010term treatment. In Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinaemia and other hyperviscosity syndromes, plasma exchange has demonstrated to be an efficient tool for reducing blood viscosity and the risk of a consequent cardiac dysfunction. However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TA<\/jats:styled-content> may induce oxidative injury to erythrocytes, making these cells more prone to haemolysis and causing a significant reduction in their half\u2010life. Ascorbate administration can be useful to lower the levels of hydrogen peroxide and proinflammatory mediators in patients undergoing apheresis. Further data are needed to support this benefit and to test other potential antioxidant therapies. Many of these therapeutic indications need further studies to be definitively approved, but preliminary data are encouraging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,21]],"date-time":"2014-02-21T11:02:36Z","timestamp":1392980556000},"page":"68-78","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The use of therapeutic apheresis in cardiovascular disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"O.","family":"Pignalosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Infante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN) IRCCS Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN) IRCCS Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880502801011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-9987.2009.00746.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0304"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1594.2002.06837.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-9987.1998.tb00107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199812103392404"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108083250605"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-976170"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-0968.2003.00120.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3148.2006.00720.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0b013e3282fbfbc7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000127620.12310.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2001.23.3.627947"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs123"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"The plasma antioxidant status and trace elements in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia treated with LDL\u2010apheresis","volume":"56","author":"Delattre J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annales Pharmaceutiques Fran\u00e7aises"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.20263"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.8.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1594.1998.06003.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/76.11.1154"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00568-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03568.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.9.3097","article-title":"Deficient activity of von Willegrand factor\u2010cleaving protease in chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"89","author":"Furlan M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","first-page":"1578","article-title":"von Willebrand factor\u2010cleaving protease in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic\u2010uremic syndrome. 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