{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:48:43Z","timestamp":1790419723721,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]],"date-time":"2015-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Pakistan routine blood group typing of thalassemia patients identifies <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ABO<\/jats:styled-content> and Rh(D) antigens only. Therefore, other antigen incompatibilities between blood donor and blood recipient may cause alloimmunisation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of alloimmunisation and to evaluate the risk factors associated with its development in beta (\u03b2)\u2010thalassemia patients receiving regular blood transfusions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total 162 \u03b2 thalassemia patients were included in this study. An extended red cell antigen panel was performed to detect antibodies. Patients received red cell concentrates, which were matched for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ABO<\/jats:styled-content> and Rh(D) antigens. Clinical and laboratory data were collected and analysed to estimate the frequency of alloantibodies and the factors influencing immunisation in patients on regular blood transfusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The median age of patients was 6\u00b77 (range: 0\u00b75\u201325) years. A total of 14 (8\u00b76%) patients developed alloantibodies against red cell antigens. The most frequently occurring alloantibodies was anti\u2010E (2\u00b75%), anti\u2010K (1\u00b78%), anti\u2010e (1\u00b72%) and anti\u2010D (0\u00b76%). Five (3\u00b71%) patients developed more than one red blood cell (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBC<\/jats:styled-content>) alloantibody. Age at first transfusion in alloimmunised patients was 1\u00b722\u2009\u00b1\u20090\u00b787\u2009years. The frequency of blood transfusion in alloimmunised patients was 23\u2009\u00b1\u20098\u00b781\u2009days and in those without alloimmunisation was 31\u00b78\u2009\u00b1\u200916\u2009days (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090\u00b702). Logistic regression analysis showed no independent risk factor associated with alloimmunisation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The frequency of transfusion was increased in patients who developed alloantibodies. Typing patients and donors to match for Rh and Kell antigens would prevent more than 90% of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBC<\/jats:styled-content> alloantibodies and reduce the frequency of transfusion in thalassemia patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]],"date-time":"2015-04-14T05:49:04Z","timestamp":1428990544000},"page":"106-110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Red cell alloimmunisation in regularly transfused beta thalassemia patients in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"U.","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation (NIBD)  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Borhany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation (NIBD)  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation (NIBD)  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation (NIBD)  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Boota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation (NIBD)  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Shamim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation (NIBD)  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Zahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation (NIBD)  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Shamsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation (NIBD)  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00549.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9864.1000147"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10482.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Assessment of frequency of alloimmunization and erythrocyte autoimmunization in transfusion dependent thalassemia patients","volume":"46","author":"Ansari S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta MedicaI Iranica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08880018.2011.568595"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"657","article-title":"Red cell immunization in beta thalassemia major","volume":"14","author":"Bhatti F.A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeon 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Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2257.2006.00856.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2450\/2013.0152-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.1987.tb02999.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Genetic diversity of beta\u2010thalassemia mutations in Pakistani population","volume":"50","author":"Moatter B.T.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Red cell immunization in multiply transfused Malay thalassemic patients","volume":"37","author":"Noor Haslina M.N.","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public 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