{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:39:21Z","timestamp":1788500361073,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Need\u2010altruism (a preference to help people in need) and kin\u2010altruism (a preference to help kin over non\u2010kin) underlie two hypotheses for voluntary blood donation: (i) Need\u2010altruism underlies motivations for volunteer blood donation and (ii) Black people express a stronger preference for kin\u2010altruism, which is a potential barrier to donation. This paper tests these hypotheses and explores how need\u2010 and kin\u2010altruism are associated with wider altruistic motivations, barriers, and strategies to encourage donation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We assessed need\u2010 and kin\u2010altruism, other mechanisms\u2010of\u2010altruism (e.g., reluctant\u2010altruism), barriers, strategies to encourage donation, donor status, and willingness\u2010to\u2010donate across four groups based on ethnicity (Black; White), nationality (British; Nigerian), and country\u2010of\u2010residence: (i) Black\u2010British people (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009395), and Black\u2010Nigerian people (ii) in the UK (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200997) or (iii) across the rest of the world (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009101), and (v) White\u2010British people in the UK (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009452). We also sampled a Black\u2010Nigerian Expert group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200960).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Need\u2010altruism was higher in donors and associated with willingness\u2010to\u2010donate in non\u2010donors. Levels of kin\u2010altruism did not differ between Black and White people, but need\u2010altruism was lower in Black\u2010British people. Kin\u2010altruism was associated with a preference for incentives, and need\u2010altruism with a preference for recognition (e.g., a thank you) as well as an increased willingness\u2010to\u2010donate for Black non\u2010donors. Need\u2010altruism underlies a blood\u2010donor\u2010cooperative\u2010phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Need\u2010altruism is central to blood donation, in particular recruitment. Lower need\u2010altruism may be a specific barrier for Black\u2010British people. Kin\u2010altruism is important for Black non\u2010donors. The blood donor cooperative phenotype deserves further consideration. Implications for blood services are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.13032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T05:18:20Z","timestamp":1706851100000},"page":"112-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The importance of need\u2010altruism and kin\u2010altruism to blood donor behaviour for black and white people"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7678-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eamonn","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Nottingham  Nottinghamshire UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, Department of Public Health and Primary Care University of Cambridge  Cambridge 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