{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:49:02Z","timestamp":1780454942918,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]],"date-time":"2012-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the incidence of selected opportunistic infections (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OI<\/jats:styled-content>s) and cancers and the role of a history of tuberculosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content>) as a risk factor for developing these conditions in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients starting antiretroviral treatment (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>) in Southern Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five ART programmes from Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Africa participated. Outcomes were extrapulmonary cryptococcal disease (CM), pneumonia due to <jats:italic>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:italic> (PCP), Kaposi's sarcoma and Non\u2010Hodgkin lymphoma. A history of TB was defined as a TB diagnosis before or at the start of ART. We used Cox models adjusted for age, sex, CD4 cell count at ART start and treatment site, presenting results as adjusted hazard ratios (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aHR<\/jats:styled-content>) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed data from 175\u00a0212 patients enrolled between 2000 and 2010 and identified 702 patients with incident CM (including 205 with a TB history) and 487 with incident PCP (including 179 with a TB history). The incidence per 100 person\u2010years over the first year of ART was 0.48 (95% CI 0.44\u20130.52) for CM, 0.35 (95% CI 0.32\u20130.38) for PCP, 0.31 (95% CI 0.29\u20130.35) for Kaposi's sarcoma and 0.02 (95% CI 0.01\u20130.03) for Non\u2010Hodgkin lymphoma. A history of TB was associated with cryptococcal disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aHR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.28, 95% CI 1.05\u20131.55) and <jats:italic>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:italic> pneumonia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aHR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.61, 95% CI 1.27\u20132.04), but not with Non\u2010Hodgkin lymphoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aHR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.09, 95% CI 0.45\u20132.65) or Kaposi's sarcoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aHR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.02, 95% CI 0.81\u20131.27).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study suggests that there may be interactions between different <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OI<\/jats:styled-content>s in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]],"date-time":"2012-11-30T13:15:12Z","timestamp":1354281312000},"page":"194-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Tuberculosis and the risk of opportunistic infections and cancers in <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u2010infected patients starting <scp>ART<\/scp> in Southern Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lukas","family":"Fenner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM) University of Bern Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stewart E.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ) Lusaka Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office Department of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Center for Global Health and Development Boston University Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Garone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khayelitsha ART Programme M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Wellington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newlands Clinic Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Prozesky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Hospital Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Zwahlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM) University of Bern Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schomaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research School of Public Health and Family Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Wandeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM) University of Bern Bern Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Bern University Hospital Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nzali","family":"Kancheya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ) Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Boulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research School of Public Health and Family Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"German","family":"Henostroza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ) Lusaka Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Alabama Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Egger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM) University of Bern Bern Switzerland"},{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research School of Public Health and Family Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"IeDEA Southern Africa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328333bfb7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.1.9812080"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339540"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr080"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0526"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3259"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902043400507"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367655"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833547f7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq141"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2003.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000238406.93249.cd"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830007cd"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2004.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01514-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328322ffac"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2949"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/151.3_Pt_1.867"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.4.683"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.1.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00072909"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftmi.12026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.12026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,28]],"date-time":"2023-10-28T20:17:20Z","timestamp":1698524240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tmi.12026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tmi.12026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.12026","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]]}}}