{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:37:31Z","timestamp":1789648651771,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,20]],"date-time":"2013-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether the detection of human IgG bound to <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> eggs from filtered urine could be used as a rapid diagnostic test (RDT\u2010Sh).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We filtered 160 urine samples from children in the Kwale District of Kenya to isolate <jats:italic>S.\u00a0haematobium<\/jats:italic> eggs and used anti\u2010human IgG antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase to bind to the human IgG attached to the eggs. We then added 3,3\u20325,5\u2032\u2010tetramethylbenzidine base (TMB), which turns blue in the presence of horseradish peroxidase to detect the <jats:italic>S.\u00a0haematobium<\/jats:italic> eggs. The RDT\u2010Sh was compared in a blinded manner to urine microscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The RDT\u2010Sh was positive in 89% of urine samples containing &gt;1 egg\/10\u00a0ml (58\/65 samples) and 97% of urine samples containing &gt;11 eggs\/10\u00a0ml urine (35\/36 samples) seen by microscopy. The RDT\u2010Sh was negative 79% of the time when no eggs were seen on urine microscopy, but because up to three times more urine was used for the RDT\u2010Sh, there were likely cases in which eggs were on the RDT\u2010Sh filter but not detected by microscopy. We used latent class analysis incorporating urine microscopy, haematuria, proteinuria and RDT\u2010Sh results to determine an overall 97% sensitivity and 78% specificity for RDT\u2010Sh, 96% and 81% for urine microscopy, 71% and 98% for microscopic haematuria and 46% and 89% for proteinuria, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The RDT\u2010Sh is quick, inexpensive and easy to perform in the field for the diagnosis of S.\u00a0haematobium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]],"date-time":"2013-01-21T04:09:17Z","timestamp":1358741357000},"page":"477-484","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evaluation of a novel rapid diagnostic test for <i>Schistosoma haematobium<\/i> based on the detection of human immunoglobulins bound to filtered <i>Schistosoma haematobium<\/i> eggs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Johnathan M.","family":"Sheele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy H.","family":"Kihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Baddorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhaskara","family":"Ravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics Old Dominion University Norfolk VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(96)00040-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009005940"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1983.11811757"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(11)60233-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1984.11811874","article-title":"Precipitates found around Schistosoma haematobium eggs from human urine prior to circumoval precipitin test","volume":"78","author":"Koech DK","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.435","article-title":"Sensitivities and specificities of diagnostic tests and infection prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium estimated from data on adults in villages northwest of Accra, Ghana","volume":"80","author":"Koukounari A","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1998.00192.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803225002633"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"The World Health Organization (WHO)(2012)Schistosomiasis.http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs115\/en\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"407","article-title":"Enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay as a diagnostic method for schistosomiasis haematobium. 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