{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:44:40Z","timestamp":1790271880129,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,17]],"date-time":"2013-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the occurrence, dynamics and predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy, including links with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>, in urban <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>imbabwe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional survey of 2042 post\u2010natal women aged 15\u201349\u00a0years was conducted in six public primary healthcare clinics in low\u2010income urban <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>imbabwe. An adapted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content> questionnaire was used to measure <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPV<\/jats:styled-content>. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPV<\/jats:styled-content> and severe (six or more episodes) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPV<\/jats:styled-content> during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>63.1% of respondents reported physical, emotional and\/or sexual <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPV<\/jats:styled-content> during pregnancy: 46.2% reported physical and\/or sexual violence, 38.9% sexual violence, 15.9% physical violence and 10% reported severe violence during pregnancy. Physical violence was less common during pregnancy than during the last 12\u00a0months before pregnancy (15.9% [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 14.3\u201317.5] <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 21.3% [95% confidence interval 19.5\u201323.1]). Reported rates of emotional (40.3% [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 38.1\u201342.3] <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 44.0% [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 41.8\u201346.1]) and sexual violence (35.6% [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 33.5\u201337.7] <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 38.9% [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 36.8\u201341.0]) were high during and before pregnancy. Associated factors were having a younger male partner, gender inequities, past abuse, problem drinking, partner control of woman's reproductive health and risky sexual practices. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> status was not associated with either <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPV<\/jats:styled-content> or severe <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPV<\/jats:styled-content>, but reporting a partner with a known <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> status was associated with a lower likelihood of severe abuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rates of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPV<\/jats:styled-content> during pregnancy in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>imbabwe are among the highest ever reported globally. Primary prevention of violence during childhood through adolescence is urgently needed. Antenatal care may provide an opportunity for secondary prevention but this requires further work. The relationship between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPV<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> is complex in contexts where both are endemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,18]],"date-time":"2013-02-18T20:30:25Z","timestamp":1361219425000},"page":"696-711","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Intimate partner violence during pregnancy in <scp>Z<\/scp>imbabwe: a cross\u2010sectional study of prevalence, predictors and associations with <scp>HIV<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Simukai","family":"Shamu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of the Western Cape Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Gender and Health Research Unit Medical Research Council Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine University of Zimbabwe Harare 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