{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:16:00Z","timestamp":1790039760074,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,22]],"date-time":"2013-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess depression and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence among the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>wanda <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>efense <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>orces (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RDF<\/jats:styled-content>) and evaluate whether sexual risk behaviour, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STI<\/jats:styled-content>s, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> and alcohol use were significantly higher among those who screened positive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consenting active\u2010duty male <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RDF<\/jats:styled-content> personnel, aged \u226521\u00a0years, completed an anonymous sexual risk survey linked to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> rapid testing that included standardised assessments for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>), depression (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CES<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>) and alcohol use (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUDIT<\/jats:styled-content>). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> and depression prevalence were calculated (data available for 1238 and 1120 participants, respectively), and multivariable regression analyses were conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>22.5% screened positive for depression, 4.2% for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> and 3.4% for both. In adjusted analyses, odds of either depression or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> were significantly higher in participants reporting <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STI<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.27, 2.78, respectively) and harmful alcohol use (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a03.13, 3.21, respectively). Sex with a high\u2010risk sex partner, lower rank and never deploying were also significantly associated with depression in adjusted analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nearly one\u2010fourth of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RDF<\/jats:styled-content> participants screened positive for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> or depression, which impacts sexual risk behaviour, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> acquisition risk and military readiness. Findings may extend to other deploying militaries and provide additional evidence of an association between mental health status and sexual risk behaviour. Effective mental health treatment interventions that also include alcohol use assessments, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STI<\/jats:styled-content> identification\/treatment and sexual risk behaviour reduction are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,22]],"date-time":"2013-05-22T07:12:54Z","timestamp":1369206774000},"page":"925-933","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prevalence of <scp>PTSD<\/scp> and depression, and associated sexual risk factors, among male <scp>R<\/scp>wanda <scp>D<\/scp>efense <scp>F<\/scp>orces military personnel"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Judith","family":"Harbertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Defense HIV\/AIDS Prevention Program Naval Health Research Center San Diego CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Threat Assessment and Global Epidemiology US Military HIV Research Program Rockville MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Grillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Defense HIV\/AIDS Prevention Program Naval Health Research Center San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Zimulinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Embassy Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Murego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Defense Forces Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Cronan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology San Diego State University San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Brodine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Defense HIV\/AIDS Prevention Program Naval Health Research Center San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcellin","family":"Sebagabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Defense Forces Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rosario G.","family":"Araneta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Preventive Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Defense HIV\/AIDS Prevention Program Naval Health Research Center San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-011-9159-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"BaborTF Higgins\u2010BiddleJC SaundersJB&MonteiroMG(2001)The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. 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