{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:03:55Z","timestamp":1781708635998,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,18]],"date-time":"2013-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epidemiological studies have observed that genital schistosomiasis increases the risk of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection in Africa. We analysed the correlation between <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> prevalence and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence across sub\u2010Saharan African countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regression analysis of prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:italic>S.\u00a0haematobium<\/jats:italic> across sub\u2010Saharan African countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using compiled country\u2010level <jats:italic>S.\u00a0haematobium<\/jats:italic> prevalence, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence and other demographic and economic data from published sources, we applied univariate and multivariate regression models to assess the correlations between <jats:italic>S.\u00a0haematobium<\/jats:italic> prevalence and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence while controlling for risk factors associated with each infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 43 sub\u2010Saharan African countries, the mean prevalence of <jats:italic>S.\u00a0haematobium<\/jats:italic> was 22.4% [standard deviation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>): 9.8%] and for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> was 6.21% (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>: 5.71%). In multivariate analysis, <jats:italic>adjusted for<\/jats:italic> prevalence of male circumcision, years since a country's first <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIDS<\/jats:styled-content> diagnosis, geographical region and immunization coverage, each <jats:italic>S.\u00a0haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection per 100 individuals was associated with a 2.9% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.2\u20135.8%) relative increase in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence. <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> was not associated with <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> HSV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, hepatitis C, malaria or syphilis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> prevalence was associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence in sub\u2010Saharan Africa. Controlling <jats:italic>S.\u00a0haematobium<\/jats:italic> may be an effective means of reducing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> transmission in sub\u2010Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]],"date-time":"2013-08-19T05:10:18Z","timestamp":1376889018000},"page":"1174-1179","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["HIV and <i>Schistosoma haematobium<\/i> prevalences correlate in sub\u2010Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Martial L.","family":"Ndeffo Mbah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Yale University New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Poolman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine Oregon Health &amp; Science University Portland OR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul K.","family":"Drain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Medical Practice Evaluation Center Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Cambridge MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan P.","family":"Coffee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L'Hopital de l'Universite d'Etat d'Haiti Port\u2010au\u2010Prince Haiti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke J.","family":"van der Werf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation The Hague The Netherlands"},{"name":"CINIMA University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison P.","family":"Galvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Yale University New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70223-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283491e3e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01687-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00122-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0585"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0395"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200404010-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-172"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000247591.13671.6a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(53)90006-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000300531.74730.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS(2010)Report on the Global HIV\/AIDS Epidemic. 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