{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T06:06:24Z","timestamp":1761977184324,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,6]],"date-time":"2013-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urban areas are traditionally excluded from trachoma surveillance activities, but due to rapid expansion and population growth, the urban area of Brikama in The Gambia may be developing social problems that are known risk factors for trachoma. It is also a destination for many migrants who may be introducing active trachoma into the area. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for follicular trachoma and trichiasis in Brikama.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A community\u2010based cross\u2010sectional prevalence survey including 27 randomly selected households in 12 randomly selected enumeration areas (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EA<\/jats:styled-content>s) of Brikama. Selected households were offered eye examinations, and the severity of trachoma was graded according to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content>'s simplified grading system. Risk factor data were collected from each household via a questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall prevalence of trachomatous inflammation\u2013follicular (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TF<\/jats:styled-content>) in children aged 1\u20139\u00a0years was 3.8% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 2.5\u20135.6), and the overall prevalence of trichiasis in adults aged \u226515\u00a0years was 0.46% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.17\u20131.14). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EA<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TF<\/jats:styled-content> varied from 0% to 8.4%. The major risk factors for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TF<\/jats:styled-content> were dirty faces (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a09.23, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.97\u201343.23), nasal discharge (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.039, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a05.11, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.08\u201324.10) and residency in Brikama for &lt;1\u00a0year (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.047, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a07.78, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.03\u201359.03).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Follicular trachoma can be considered to have been eliminated as a public health problem in Brikama according to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content> criteria. However, as the prevalence in some <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EA<\/jats:styled-content>s is &gt;5%, it may be prudent to include Brikama in surveillance programmes. Trichiasis remains a public health problem (&gt;0.1%), and active case finding needs to be undertaken.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,6]],"date-time":"2013-09-06T10:13:14Z","timestamp":1378462394000},"page":"1344-1352","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Follicular trachoma and trichiasis prevalence in an urban community in The Gambia, West Africa: is there a need to include urban areas in national trachoma surveillance?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Quicke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Sillah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Eye Health Programme Ministry of Health Banjul The Gambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. 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E.","family":"Burr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"},{"name":"Medical Research Council Fajara The Gambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/opep.8.2.163.4161"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.4.944"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.78.11.813"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"461","article-title":"Reliability of clinical diagnosis in identifying infectious trachoma in a low prevalence area of Nepal","volume":"77","author":"Baral K","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"936","article-title":"Longitudinal study of trachomatous trichiasis in The Gambia: barriers to acceptance of surgery","volume":"43","author":"Bowman RJC","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61029-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7326"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"EmersonP FrostL BaileyRL&MabeyD(2006)Implementing the SAFE Strategy for trachoma control\u2010A toolbox of interventions for promoting facial cleanliness and environmental improvement. 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