{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:52:00Z","timestamp":1778010720058,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]],"date-time":"2013-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test the hypothesis that a gender differential exists in the effect on child mortality of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BCG<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> DTP<\/jats:styled-content>, measles vaccine as administered under programme conditions in Ballabgarh <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDSS<\/jats:styled-content> area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All live births in 28 villages of Ballabgarh block in North India from 2006 to 2011 were followed until 31 December 2011 or 36\u00a0months of age whichever was earlier. The period of analysis was divided into four time periods based on eligibility for vaccines under the national immunisation schedule (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BCG<\/jats:styled-content> for tuberculosis, primary and booster doses of diphtheria\u2013tetanus\u2013pertussis and measles). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the association between sex and risk of mortality by vaccination status using age as the timescale in survival analysis and adjusting for wealth index, access to health care, the presence of a health facility in the village, parental education, type of family, birth order of the child and year of birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>702 deaths (332 boys and 370 girls) occurred among 12\u00a0142 children in the cohort in the 3\u00a0years of follow\u2010up giving a cumulative mortality rate of 57.5 per 1000 live births with 35% excess girl child mortality. Age at vaccination for the four vaccines did not differ by sex. There was significant excess mortality among girls after immunisation with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DTP<\/jats:styled-content>, for both primary (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.65; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>:1.17\u20132.32) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DTP<\/jats:styled-content>b (2.21; 1.24\u20133.93) vaccinations. No significant excess morality among girls was noted after exposure to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BCG<\/jats:styled-content> 1.06 (0.67\u20131.67) or measles 1.34 (0.85\u20132.12) vaccine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study supports the contention that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DTP<\/jats:styled-content> vaccination is partially responsible for higher mortality among girls in this study population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,8]],"date-time":"2013-10-08T13:48:31Z","timestamp":1381240111000},"page":"1329-1337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Non\u2010specific sex\u2010differential effect of <scp>DTP<\/scp> vaccination may partially explain the excess girl child mortality in <scp>B<\/scp>allabgarh, <scp>I<\/scp>ndia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Community Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Ume\u00e5 Centre for Global Health Research Ume\u00e5 University Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Community Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPP Services Training and Research Private Limited Noida India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Ume\u00e5 Centre for Global Health Research Ume\u00e5 University Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Byass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Ume\u00e5 Centre for Global Health Research Ume\u00e5 University Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. S.","family":"Pandav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Community Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.1.13848"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c6495"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000707"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serological evidence for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection following diphtheria\u2010tetanus\u2010pertussis booster vaccination","volume":"2","author":"Agergaard J","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases and Immunity."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318263135e","article-title":"Diphtheria\u2010tetanus\u2010pertussis vaccination administered after measles vaccine: increased female mortality?","volume":"31","author":"Benn CS","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym142"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/706304"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1972121"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01479.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02302.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.3.729"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","unstructured":"D Filmer EM King L Pritchett 1998 The World Bank Washington DC"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01794.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315806"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000448"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.11.1926"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)04334-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.09.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086726"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","first-page":"244","article-title":"Non\u2010specific effect of measles vaccination on overall child mortality in an area of rural India with high vaccination coverage: a population\u2010based case\u2010control study","volume":"81","author":"Kabir Z","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt055"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00027-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1550-8579(05)80050-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70049-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-10-310"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-555"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2012-201846"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh262"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0818-9641.2004.01286.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01434.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","unstructured":"MA Murthi C Guio J Dreze 1995 London School of Economics London"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.03.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/10.5.651","article-title":"Pertussis toxin potentiates T(h)1 and T(h)2 responses to co\u2010injected antigen: adjuvant action is associated with enhanced regulatory cytokine production and expression of the co\u2010stimulatory molecules B7\u20101, B7\u20102 and CD28","volume":"10","author":"Ryan M","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Immunology."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.4.6.785"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2098"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.01.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38261.496366.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.03093.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization(2008)Non\u2010specific Effects of DTP Vaccine on Child Mortality Weekly Epidemiological Record32 290."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftmi.12192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.12192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T14:33:01Z","timestamp":1695997981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tmi.12192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tmi.12192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.12192","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]]}}}