{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T22:28:26Z","timestamp":1767824906963,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,23]],"date-time":"2014-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01DG13006A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01DG13006A"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["MOPACUR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOPACUR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute symptomatic infection with <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic> impairs iron absorption, but iron deficiency may protect against infections caused by various micro\u2010organisms including parasites. We therefore examined the association of <jats:italic>G.\u00a0duodenalis<\/jats:italic> infection and iron deficiency in 575 Rwandan children under 5\u00a0years of age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic> infection was diagnosed by triplicate microscopy and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> assays, and iron deficiency was defined as a ferritin concentration &lt;12\u00a0ng\/ml.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Largely asymptomatic <jats:italic>G.\u00a0duodenalis<\/jats:italic> infection was seen in 65.3% of the children and iron deficiency in 17.4%. <jats:italic>G.\u00a0duodenalis<\/jats:italic> infection was less common in iron\u2010deficient children (51%) than in non\u2010deficient children (68%, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.002). In multivariate analysis, the odds of <jats:italic>G.\u00a0duodenalis<\/jats:italic> infection were almost halved in iron\u2010deficient children (adjusted odds ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.33\u20130.86).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this highly endemic setting, there was no evidence that <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> infection impairs iron status. Rather, iron deficiency appeared to protect against infection with this parasite.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]],"date-time":"2014-02-24T17:58:05Z","timestamp":1393264685000},"page":"563-567","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Reduced prevalence of <i>Giardia duodenalis<\/i> in iron\u2010deficient Rwandan children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ina","family":"Danquah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Epidemiology German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam\u2010Rehbruecke Nuthetal Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Bosco","family":"Gahutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Teaching Hospital of Butare School of Medicine University of Rwanda Butare Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Ignatius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Musemakweri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Teaching Hospital of Butare School of Medicine University of Rwanda Butare Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank P.","family":"Mockenhaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-010-8673-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07744-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12216"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1980.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.3.1478"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200X.2002.01550.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-134"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(87)90005-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001677"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"CR19\u201023","article-title":"Comparison of iron and hematological indices in Giardia lamblia infection before and after treatment in 102 children in Ahwaz, Iran","volume":"14","author":"Monajemzadeh SM","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medical Science Monitor"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1996.10718621"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.616S"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67962-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29284"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1997.tb05694.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001158"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80618-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","volume-title":"Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention, and Control. 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