{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T21:43:45Z","timestamp":1783028625857,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,26]],"date-time":"2014-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdfico e Tecnol\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdgico"},{"name":"Coordena\u00ef\u00bf\u00bd\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdo de Aperfei\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdoamento de Pessoal de N\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdvel Superior"},{"name":"Instituto Le\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdnidas e Maria Deane - Funda\u00ef\u00bf\u00bd\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdo Oswaldo Cruz Amaz\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdnia"},{"name":"Funda\u00ef\u00bf\u00bd\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdo de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content>) is more frequently reported in men than in women; this may be due to male\u2010biased exposure to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content> vectors, female\u2010biased resistance against the disease or both. We sought to determine whether gender\u2010specific exposure to vector habitats explains male\u2010biased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content> incidence in two human populations of central Amazonia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content> incidence in one population of field researchers (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0166), with similar exposure for males and females, and one population of rural settlers (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0646), where exposure is overall male\u2010biased. We used a combination of questionnaires and clinical data to quantify <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content> cases, and modelled disease incidence in a Bayesian framework.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a moderately higher incidence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content> among men than among women in both populations, but male bias decreased as exposure time increased. Disease incidence was overall higher among field researchers, suggesting that they are an important but understudied <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content> risk group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our comparison of two contrasting populations provided epidemiological evidence that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content> incidence can be male\u2010biased even when exposure is comparable in both sexes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,26]],"date-time":"2014-05-26T05:49:02Z","timestamp":1401083342000},"page":"988-995","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in central <scp>A<\/scp>mazonia: a comparison of sex\u2010biased incidence among rural settlers and field 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