{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:13:11Z","timestamp":1793661191430,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,20]],"date-time":"2014-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Control of human African trypanosomiasis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAT<\/jats:styled-content>) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRC<\/jats:styled-content>) has always been a vertical programme, although attempts at integration in general health services were made in recent years. Now that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAT<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence is declining, the integration question becomes even more crucial. We studied the level of attainment of integration of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAT<\/jats:styled-content> case detection and management in primary care centres in two high\u2010prevalence districts in the province of Bandundu, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRC<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We visited all 43 first\u2010line health centres of Mushie and Kwamouth districts, conducted structured interviews and inspected facilities using a standardised checklist. We focused on: availability of well trained staff \u2013 besides <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAT<\/jats:styled-content>, we also tested for knowledge on tuberculosis; availability of equipment, consumables and supplies; and utilisation of the services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All health centres were operating but most were poorly equipped, and attendance rates were very low. We observed a median of 14 outpatient consultations per facility (IQR 8\u201321) in the week prior to our visit, that is two patients per day. The staff had good knowledge on presenting symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of both HAT and tuberculosis. Nine centres were accredited by the national programme as HAT diagnosis and treatment centres, but the most sensitive diagnostic confirmation test, the mini\u2010anion exchange centrifugation technique (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mAECT<\/jats:styled-content>), was not present in any. Although all nine were performing the CATT screening test, only two had the required cold chain in working order.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In these high\u2010prevalence districts in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRC<\/jats:styled-content>, staff is well\u2010acquainted with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAT<\/jats:styled-content> but lack the tools required for an adequate diagnostic procedure. Attendance rates of these primary care centres are extremely low, making timely recognition of a resurgence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAT<\/jats:styled-content> unlikely in the current state of affairs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,20]],"date-time":"2014-10-20T08:26:38Z","timestamp":1413793598000},"page":"98-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Integration of diagnosis and treatment of sleeping sickness in primary healthcare facilities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Mitashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerpen Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Kinshasa University Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo"},{"name":"International Health 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