{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:49:31Z","timestamp":1788306571576,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,20]],"date-time":"2014-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"UBS Optimus Foundation, Switzerland","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content>) in north\u2010west Ethiopia is causing an overwhelming case load among adult migrant workers that masked the disease burden in children. This study describes the clinical profile and explores comorbidities in paediatric <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content> patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective study at two hospitals in this region (Gondar and Humera) was conducted in a year period, 2011\u20132012. The clinical manifestations and comorbidities such as malnutrition, intestinal parasitosis and vitamin D deficiency and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection were assessed, and treatment outcomes noted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 122 children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content> were detected during the study period with median age of 8.5\u00a0years (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQR<\/jats:styled-content> 5\u201312\u00a0years); 23% were under 5\u00a0years. Eighty\u2010five (69.7%) cases were male. The clinical manifestations were similar to the adult patients. High rates of malnutrition, intestinal parasitosis (47.5%) and hypovitaminosis D (56.4%) were detected. The proportion of stunting and wasting was 63% and 22.2% in children aged under five years, and 50.5% and 75.9% in 5\u2010year and older children, respectively, using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content> standard growth curves. Only one child had <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection. In 95% of the cases, sodium stibogluconate (20\u00a0mg\/kg\/day for 30\u00a0days) was used for treatment. The treatment success rate at end of therapy was 98.3%, but the definitive outcome at 6\u00a0months could not be determined because of a high loss to follow\u2010up (80.2%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>While <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> co\u2010infection was rare, malnutrition, intestinal parasitosis and vitamin D deficiency were frequent indicating the need for further research on their role in the pathophysiology. Meanwhile, systematic assessment and management of malnutrition and intestinal parasitosis in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content> programmes is recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,20]],"date-time":"2014-10-20T08:28:10Z","timestamp":1413793690000},"page":"8-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Clinical aspects of paediatric visceral leishmaniasis in <scp>N<\/scp>orth\u2010west <scp>E<\/scp>thiopia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ermias","family":"Diro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gondar Gondar Ethiopia"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutgarde","family":"Lynen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berhane","family":"Gebregziabiher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kahsay Abera Hospital Humera Tigray Regional State Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wubishet","family":"Lakew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gondar Gondar Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zewdu","family":"Belew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kahsay Abera Hospital Humera Tigray Regional State Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asrat","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addis Ababa University School of Medicine Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"van Griensven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-189"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(12)60147-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.275","article-title":"Kala\u2010azar outbreak in Libo Kemkem, Ethiopia: epidemiologic and parasitologic assessment","volume":"77","author":"Alvar J","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00061-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.8.4709-4718.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70165-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2010.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199406000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/46.1.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0707-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011","author":"Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia) and ICF International","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis577"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.111-126.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.5.3.475"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","unstructured":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia(2012)Country Progress Report on HIV\/AIDS Response.http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/dataanalysis\/knowyourresponse\/countryprogressreports\/2012countries\/GAP%20Report%202012.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia","author":"Federal Ministry of Health Ethiopia","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Ethiopian women immigrants to Israel: exacerbation during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"31","author":"Fogelman Y","year":"1995","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1976.11687108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0918"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.82.5.381"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0321"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/8.3.447"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2009.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00897.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02550.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2004.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/004947507782333026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.21.1.297"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240490106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.427-433.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091903"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01117.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822010000400033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61889-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-75"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhd.v21i1.10032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/509808"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000814"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2008.00100.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-009-9038-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000085"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","first-page":"626","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features of pediatric kala\u2010azar","volume":"38","author":"Rahim KM","year":"2007","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803225002570"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(22)01017-5","article-title":"Interactions of nutrition and infection","volume":"20","author":"Scrimshaw NS","year":"1976","journal-title":"Dental Clinics of North America"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan. Clinical features","volume":"42","author":"Siddig M","year":"1990","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmp132"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","unstructured":"unicef(2014)Nutrition: definitions of the indicators.http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/infobycountry\/stats_popup2.html. Accessed 28 January 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00555.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0349-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200804-567OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02301-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization(2010)Control of the Leishmaniases. WHO Technical Report Series 949: Report of a Meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases Geneva 22\u201326 March 2010.World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization(2013)Guideline: Nutritional Care and Support for Patients with Tuberculosis.World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization(2014)Global database on child growth and malnutrition.http:\/\/www.who.int\/nutgrowthdb\/about\/introduction\/en\/index5.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Clinical patterns of visceral leishmaniasis in paediatric age group, University of Gondar Referral Hospital, North\u2010West Ethiopia","volume":"1","author":"Yifru S","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethiopian Journal of Health and Biomedical Science"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftmi.12407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.12407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T00:10:41Z","timestamp":1696032641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tmi.12407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,20]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tmi.12407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.12407","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,20]]}}}