{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:28:59Z","timestamp":1790674139715,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,22]],"date-time":"2014-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003323","name":"ANRS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1203 & 12122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1203 & 12122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>To identify current risk factors for hepatitis C<\/jats:styled-content> virus (HCV<\/jats:styled-content>) acquisition among E<\/jats:styled-content>gyptians.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Patients with acute HCV<\/jats:styled-content> were identified through a surveillance system of acute hepatitis in four fever hospitals in E<\/jats:styled-content>gypt between 2002 and 2012. Case\u2013control analysis was conducted, cases being incident acute symptomatic HCV<\/jats:styled-content> and controls being acute hepatitis A<\/jats:styled-content> identified at the same hospitals. The questionnaire covered iatrogenic, community and household exposures to HCV<\/jats:styled-content> in the 1\u20136\u00a0months prior to onset of symptoms. Multivariate models were built to identify risk factors associated with HCV<\/jats:styled-content> acquisition among non\u2010drug users and drug users separately.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Among non\u2010drug users, hospital admission was independently associated with acute HCV<\/jats:styled-content> infection (OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a04.2, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.7\u201310.5). Several iatrogenic procedures, for example admission in a surgery unit, sutures, IV<\/jats:styled-content> injections and IV<\/jats:styled-content> infusions, highly correlated with hospital admission, were also associated with acute HCV<\/jats:styled-content> infection and could have been used in the final model instead of hospital admission. Among drug users, identified risk factors were multiple sexual relations (OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a04.0, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.1\u201314.7), intravenous drug use (OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a03.9, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.2\u201313.0) and shaving at the barbershops (OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a08.7, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.4\u201331.4). Illiteracy and marriage were significant risk factors in both groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Invasive medical procedures are still a major risk for acquiring new HCV<\/jats:styled-content> infections in E<\/jats:styled-content>gypt, as is illicit drug use in spreading HCV<\/jats:styled-content> infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,22]],"date-time":"2014-10-22T05:41:13Z","timestamp":1413956473000},"page":"89-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Hepatitis C<\/scp> virus acquisition among E<\/scp>gyptians: analysis of a 10\u2010year surveillance of acute hepatitis C<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Amira","family":"Mohsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Medicine Department National Research Center Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeline","family":"Bernier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Disease Epidemiology Unit Institut Pasteur Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenaig","family":"LeFouler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Disease Epidemiology Unit Institut Pasteur Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Delarocque\u2010Astagneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Disease Epidemiology Unit Institut Pasteur Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"El\u2010Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Liver Institute Menoufia University Menoufia Egypt"},{"name":"Viral Hepatitis Research Lab National Hepatology & Tropical Medicine Research Institute Cairo Egypt"},{"name":"King Fahd Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherif","family":"El\u2010Kafrawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Liver Institute Menoufia University Menoufia Egypt"},{"name":"Viral Hepatitis Research Lab National Hepatology & Tropical Medicine Research Institute Cairo Egypt"},{"name":"King Fahd Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salwa","family":"El\u2010Mango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandria Fever Hospital Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdel\u2010Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Hepatitis Research Lab National Hepatology & Tropical Medicine Research Institute Cairo Egypt"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Minia University Minya Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Gadallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal","family":"Esmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endemic Medicine Department Faculty of Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa K.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Fontanet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Disease Epidemiology Unit Institut Pasteur Paris France"},{"name":"Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers Chaire Sant\u00e9 et D\u00e9veloppement Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Optimization, assessment, and proposed use of a direct nested reverse transcription\u2010polymerase chain reaction protocol for the detection of hepatitis C virus","volume":"1","author":"Abdel\u2010Hamid M","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Human Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i17.2436"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26245"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(2002)Viral hepatitis and injection drug users. 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