{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T06:29:02Z","timestamp":1775024942904,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]],"date-time":"2014-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aim to review the current epidemiology of nodding syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NS<\/jats:styled-content>) and discuss relevant gaps in research. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NS<\/jats:styled-content> and convulsive epilepsy of unknown aetiology are clustered within the same villages and families in onchocerciasis\u2010endemic areas. They are therefore potentially different clinical expressions of the same disease. It has been difficult to perform full autopsies on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NS<\/jats:styled-content> patients who die in remote villages. Adequate fixation of tissue immediately after death is critical for the examination of brain tissue. Therefore, post\u2010mortem transsphenoidal brain biopsies, performed immediately after death by trained nurses, will provide the best option for obtaining tissue for analysis. We suspect that certain blackflies in onchocerciasis\u2010endemic areas may transmit a novel pathogen that could cause <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NS<\/jats:styled-content> and epilepsy. This is supported by a recent drop in the number of new <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NS<\/jats:styled-content> cases coinciding with vector control activities aimed at reducing blackfly populations in northern Uganda. We propose that metagenomic studies of human samples, blackflies and microfilariae are conducted to screen for pathogens, and that a clinical trial is planned to evaluate the impact of larviciding against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NS<\/jats:styled-content> and epilepsy epidemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,28]],"date-time":"2014-10-28T08:16:48Z","timestamp":1414484208000},"page":"194-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Nodding syndrome since 2012: recent progress, challenges and recommendations for future research"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Colebunders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Psychology Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Haesaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering University of Ghent Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Opar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Lakwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Laudisoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology School of Biological Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Hendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X337436"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125000646"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"The Current Status of Simulium Species in the Sudan with Reference to Onchocerciasis","volume":"21","author":"Baker RHA","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sudan Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1990.0141"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2013.780233"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X337427"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"River Blindness. Committee recommends treatment halt in three foci in Uganda in 2013","volume":"14","author":"Carter Center","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye of the Eagle"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"CollinsF(2014)From Uganda to NIH to Solve a Seizure Mystery.http:\/\/directorsblog.nih.gov\/2014\/06\/03\/from-uganda-to-nih-to-solve-a-seizure-mystery\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000290"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1909.130401"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066419"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(2003)Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed.http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/007\/y5499e\/y5499e00.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Preliminary notes on a Simulium survey in the onchocerciasis infested Ulanga district, Tanzania","volume":"23","author":"Hausermann W","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1993.11812793"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Proposed guidelines for the management of nodding syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Idro R","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02280.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1987.tb00334.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Uganda.Weekly epidemiological bulletin(2014)http:\/\/health.go.ug\/mohweb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Epidemiological-bulletin_Uganda_week-12_2014..-1-pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric perspectives on nodding syndrome in northern Uganda: a case series study and a review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Musisi S","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v13i4.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v75i4.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70321-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"176","article-title":"Nodding syndrome: origins and natural history of a longstanding epileptic disorder in sub\u2010Saharan Africa","volume":"13","author":"Spencer PS","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Nodding syndrome in Mundri county, South Sudan: environmental, nutritional and infectious factors","volume":"13","author":"Spencer PS","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)60004-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","first-page":"242","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of nodding syndrome in Mundri County, southern Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Tumwine JK","year":"2012","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6474165"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.37.197","article-title":"Increased dissemination of dengue 2 virus in Aedes aegypti associated with concurrent ingestion of microfilariae of Brugia malayi","volume":"37","author":"Turell MJ","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.336.6078.144"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","unstructured":"WHO.List of neglected diseases.2014.http:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/diseases\/en\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","first-page":"529","article-title":"MRI findings in people with epilepsy and nodding syndrome in an area endemic for onchocerciasis: an observational study","volume":"13","author":"Winkler AS","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12483"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","unstructured":"World Food Programme.FAO\/WFP Crop and food security assessment mission to South Sudan.2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.International Scientific Meeting on Nodding Syndrome Kampala Uganda 2012.http:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/diseases\/Nodding_syndrom_Kampala_Report_2012.pdf"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftmi.12421","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.12421","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T20:54:34Z","timestamp":1696193674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tmi.12421"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tmi.12421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.12421","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]}}}