{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:57:10Z","timestamp":1790326630548,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]],"date-time":"2015-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the number and geographic location of children aged &lt;5\u00a0years exposed to sputum smear\u2010positive tuberculosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content>) in Timor\u2010Leste, to determine the proportion evaluated for isoniazid preventive therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPT<\/jats:styled-content>) and to review the programmatic challenges present in delivering <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPT<\/jats:styled-content> to this cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 256 consecutive sputum smear\u2010positive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> index cases diagnosed at Bairo Pite Clinic between August 2013 and July 2014 were interviewed about places of residence and household contacts &lt;5\u00a0years of age in the 3\u00a0months preceding diagnosis. Attendance of these contacts for screening and the outcome of screening were recorded prospectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority (225 of 256, 88%) of index cases resided in Dili, but 73 of 225 (32%) of these also had a second address outside the capital. A total of 255 contacts were identified; 172 of 255 (67%) of whom lived in Dili district and 83 of 255 (33%) of whom resided in remote districts. Only 66 of 255 (26%) contacts attended for evaluation for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPT<\/jats:styled-content>, of whom 46 of 255 (18%) started <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPT<\/jats:styled-content> and nine of 255 (3.5%) were diagnosed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content>. Attendance was significantly less likely when the index case was not the parent of the child contact.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sputum smear\u2010positive pulmonary <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> cases frequently result in household exposure of children &lt;5\u00a0years in Timor\u2010Leste, and provision of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPT<\/jats:styled-content> is suboptimal. Contacts are located in diverse and distant locations. Further studies to delineate access barriers to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPT<\/jats:styled-content> and review programmatic models that will facilitate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPT<\/jats:styled-content> scale up in Timor\u2010Leste are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]],"date-time":"2015-02-16T05:26:17Z","timestamp":1424064377000},"page":"730-736","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Challenges to delivery of isoniazid preventive therapy in a cohort of children exposed to tuberculosis in Timor\u2010Leste"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bairo Pite Clinic Dili Timor\u2010Leste"},{"name":"Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust Hull, East Yorkshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Sukijthamapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bairo Pite Clinic Dili Timor\u2010Leste"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bairo Pite Clinic Dili Timor\u2010Leste"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Nourse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bairo Pite Clinic Dili Timor\u2010Leste"},{"name":"Lady Cilento Children's Hospital Brisbane Qld Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bairo Pite Clinic Dili Timor\u2010Leste"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bairo Pite Clinic Dili Timor\u2010Leste"},{"name":"Tobwabba Aboriginal Medical Service Foster NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bairo Pite Clinic Dili Timor\u2010Leste"},{"name":"Royal Darwin Hospital Darwin NT Australia"},{"name":"Northern Territory Medical Program Flinders University Darwin NT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.Tuberculosis (fact sheet number 104) 2014. (Available from:http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs104\/en\/.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"WHO 2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"WHO.Timor\u2010Leste tuberculosis profile 2014. (Available from:https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/sree\/Reports?op=Replet&name=%2FWHO_HQ_Reports%2FG2%2FPROD%2FEXT%2FTBCountryProfile&ISO2=TL&LAN=EN&outtype=html.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Guidance for National Tuberculosis Programmes on the Management of Tuberculosis in Children","author":"WHO","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Recommendations for Investigating Contacts of Persons With Infectious Tuberculosis in low\u2010 and Middle\u2010Income Countries","author":"WHO","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"National Tuberculosis Program Control Manual","author":"Timor\u2010Leste Ministry of Health","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70071-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/301808"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-91"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-303876"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"Guidelines on the Management of Latent Tuberculosis Infection","author":"WHO","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"National Statistics Directorate (NSD) Timor\u2010Leste Ministry of Finance Timor\u2010Leste and ICF Macro.Timor\u2010Leste Demographic and Health Survey 2009\u201310.NSD and ICF Macro:Dili 2010. 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