{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:07:16Z","timestamp":1790186836303,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]],"date-time":"2015-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["278901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["278901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Haematological parameters differ between individuals of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>frican and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>uropean ancestry. However, respective data of first\u2010generation <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>frican migrants are virtually absent. We assessed these in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>hanaian migrants living in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>erlin, compared them with reference data from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>ermany and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>hana, and estimated the role of iron deficiency (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content>) and erythrocyte polymorphisms in anaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 576 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>hanaians (median age, 45\u00a0years) were analysed. Blood counts were performed, haemoglobinopathies and glucose\u20106\u2010phosphate dehydrogenase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>6<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>) deficiency were genotyped, and concentrations of ferritin and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010reactive protein were measured to define <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most individuals had resided in Germany for more than a decade (median, 18\u00a0years). By <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content> definition, anaemia was present in 30.9% of females and 9.4% of males. Median haemoglobin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>b) levels were lower than among Germans (women, \u22120.8\u00a0g\/dl, men, \u22120.7\u00a0g\/dl). However, applying reference values from Ghana, only 1.9% of the migrants were considered anaemic. Alpha\u2010thalassaemia, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>b variants and G6<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> deficiency were observed in 33.9%, 28.3% and 23.6%, respectively. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content> was highly prevalent in women (32.0%; men, 3.9%). The population fraction of anaemia cases attributable to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content> was 29.0% (alpha\u2010thalassaemia, 13.6%; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>6<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> deficiency, 13.5%). Nevertheless, excluding <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content>, alpha\u2010thalassaemia, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>6<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> deficiency and sickle cell disease, anaemia prevalence remained high (women, 18.4%; men, 6.5%), and was also high when applying uncensored thresholds proposed for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>frican <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>mericans (females, 19.3%; males, 7.8%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Iron deficiency and erythrocyte polymorphisms are common among first\u2010generation Ghanaian migrants but explain only part of the increased prevalence of anaemia. Common <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>b thresholds for the definition of anaemia may not be appropriate for this group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]],"date-time":"2015-05-05T05:52:56Z","timestamp":1430805176000},"page":"1180-1189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["High prevalence of anaemia among <scp>A<\/scp>frican migrants in <scp>G<\/scp>ermany persists after exclusion of iron deficiency and erythrocyte polymorphisms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sophie A.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen K. 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