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If confirmed, this would be of great public health importance in these high <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010risk communities. This study was undertaken to determine whether <jats:italic>S.\u00a0mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection is a risk factor for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection among the fishing communities of Lake Victoria, Uganda. We conducted a matched case\u2013control study, nested within a prospective <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> incidence cohort, including 50 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> seroconverters (cases) and 150 controls during 2009\u20102011.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>S.\u00a0mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection prior to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> seroconversion was determined by measuring serum circulating anodic antigen (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAA<\/jats:styled-content>) in stored serum. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> testing was carried out using the Determine rapid test and infection confirmed by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>About 49% of cases and 52% of controls had <jats:italic>S.\u00a0mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection prior to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> seroconversion (or at the time of a similar study visit, for controls): odds ratio, adjusting for ethnicity, religion, marital status, education, occupation, frequency of alcohol consumption in previous 3\u00a0months, number of sexual partners while drunk, duration of stay in the community, and history of schistosomiasis treatment in the past 2\u00a0years was 1.23 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.3\u20135.7) <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.79. <jats:italic>S.\u00a0mansoni<\/jats:italic> infections were chronic (with little change in status between enrolment and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> seroconversion), and there was no difference in median <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAA<\/jats:styled-content> concentration between cases and controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results do not support the hypothesis that <jats:italic>S.\u00a0mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection promotes <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> acquisition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]],"date-time":"2015-05-05T06:00:08Z","timestamp":1430805608000},"page":"1190-1195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["<i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i> and <scp>HIV<\/scp> acquisition in fishing communities of Lake Victoria, Uganda: a nested case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Ssetaala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UVRI\u2010IAVI HIV Vaccine Program Entebbe Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Nakiyingi\u2010Miiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene &amp; 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