{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T19:35:00Z","timestamp":1772825700451,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]],"date-time":"2015-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The risk of stroke rises after episodes of herpes zoster and chickenpox, which are caused by varicella zoster virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VZV<\/jats:styled-content>). We conducted a pilot case\u2013control study of stroke, nested within a long\u2010standing cohort in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>ganda (the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>eneral <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>opulation <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ohort), to examine antibodies against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VZV<\/jats:styled-content> prior to diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used stored sera to examine the evolution of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>g<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>g<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content> antibodies against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VZV<\/jats:styled-content> among 31 clinically confirmed cases of stroke and 132 matched controls. For each participant, three samples of sera were identified: one each, taken at or near the time of (pseudo)diagnosis, between 5 and 10\u00a0years prior to diagnosis and at 15\u00a0years prior to diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All participants had detectable antibodies against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VZV<\/jats:styled-content>, but there were no significant differences between cases and controls in the 15\u00a0years prior to diagnosis. As a secondary finding, 16% (5\/31) of cases and 6% (8\/132) of controls had <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.0; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.8\u201310.1; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.06).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first prospective study to examine a biological measure of exposure to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VZV<\/jats:styled-content> prior to diagnosis of stroke and although we identified no significant association, in this small pilot, with limited characterisation of cases, we cannot exclude the possibility that the virus is causal for a subset. The impact of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> on risk of stroke has not been well characterised and warrants further study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]],"date-time":"2015-06-17T14:41:20Z","timestamp":1434552080000},"page":"1306-1310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pilot study of antibodies against varicella zoster virus and human immunodeficiency virus in relation to the risk of developing stroke, nested within a rural cohort in <scp>U<\/scp>ganda"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Gershim","family":"Asiki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Uganda Virus Research Institute Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Stockdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical 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