{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T01:07:41Z","timestamp":1773450461689,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,12]],"date-time":"2015-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess prevalence and occupational risk factors of latent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> infection and history of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> disease ascribed to work in a healthcare setting in western <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>enya.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional survey among healthcare workers in western <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>enya in 2013. They were recruited from dispensaries, health centres and hospitals that offer both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> services. School workers from the health facilities' catchment communities were randomly selected to serve as the community comparison group. Latent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> infection was diagnosed by tuberculin skin testing. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> status of participants was assessed. Using a logistic regression model, we determined the adjusted odds of latent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> infection among healthcare workers compared to school workers; and among healthcare workers only, we assessed work\u2010related risk factors for latent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 1005 healthcare workers and 411 school workers. Approximately 60% of both groups were female. A total of 22% of 958 healthcare workers and 12% of 392 school workers tested <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> positive. Prevalence of self\u2010reported history of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> disease was 7.4% among healthcare workers and 3.6% among school workers. Prevalence of latent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> infection was 60% among healthcare workers and 48% among school workers. Adjusted odds of latent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> infection were 1.5 times higher among healthcare workers than school workers (95% confidence interval 1.2\u20132.0). Healthcare workers at all three facility types had similar prevalence of latent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> infection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.72), but increasing years of employment was associated with increased odds of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTBI<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthcare workers at facilities in western <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>enya which offer <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> services are at increased risk of latent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> infection, and the risk is similar across facility types. Implementation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010recommended <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> infection control measures are urgently needed in health facilities to protect healthcare workers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,16]],"date-time":"2015-09-16T15:06:46Z","timestamp":1442416006000},"page":"1797-1804","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers in <scp>K<\/scp>isumu, <scp>K<\/scp>enya"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Janet","family":"Agaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Center for Global Health Research Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chimeremma D.","family":"Nnadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"},{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Odhiambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Obonyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Center for Global Health Research Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Obiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Center for Global Health Research Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Lipke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV\/AIDS U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisha","family":"Okeyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Center for Global Health Research Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Oeltmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Kenya Ministry of Health.Division of Leprosy Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Annual Report.2011; 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