{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T04:40:36Z","timestamp":1787200836735,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]],"date-time":"2015-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005850","name":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000889","name":"Multiple Sclerosis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000889","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among patients with primary and relapse visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in eastern Sudan, we determined the proportion eligible for treatment with sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin (SSG\/PM) and, of these, their demographic and clinical characteristics; initial treatment outcomes including adverse side effects requiring treatment discontinuation; treatment outcomes by 6\u00a0months; and risk factors associated with initial (slow responders) and late treatment failure (relapses and post\u2010kala\u2010azar dermal leishmaniasis, PKDL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study in Tabarak Allah Hospital, Gedaref Province, eastern Sudan, from July 2011 to January 2014.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 1252 individuals diagnosed with VL (1151 primary and 101 relapses), 65% were eligible for SSG\/PM including 83% children, almost half of them malnourished and anaemic. About 4% of individuals discontinued treatment due to side effects; 0.7% died during treatment. Initial cure was achieved in 93% of 774 primary cases and 77% of 35 relapse cases (\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001). Among the 809 patients eligible for SSG\/PM, 218 (27%) were lost to follow\u2010up. Outcomes by six months among the 591 patients with available follow\u2010up data were: definitive cure (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0506; 86%), relapse (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a038; 6%), treatment discontinuation (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a033; 6%), PKDL (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a07; 1%) and death (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a07; 1%). Among those completing a full course of SSG\/PM, relapses and under\u2010fives were at significantly higher risk of early and late treatment failure, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whether SSG\/PM as a first\u2010line regimen is an undeniable progress compared to SSG monotherapy, it excluded a considerable proportion of VL patients due to drug safety concerns. We call for accelerated development of new drugs and treatment regimens to improve VL treatment in Sudan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T18:41:23Z","timestamp":1443724883000},"page":"1674-1684","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin for treating visceral leishmaniasis under routine conditions in eastern Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Atia M.","family":"Atia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res \u2013 Switzerland, Sudan mission Gedaref Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Mumina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res \u2013 Switzerland, Sudan mission Gedaref Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Tayler\u2010Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res\u2010Brussels Operational Center Brussels Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa","family":"Boulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res Switzerland Operational Center Geneva Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Alcoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res Switzerland Operational Center Geneva Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mousab Siddig","family":"Elhag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Health Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubarak","family":"Alnour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Gedaref State Gedaref Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safieh","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res\u2010Brussels Operational Center Brussels Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Chappuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res Switzerland Operational Center Geneva Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"van Griensven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rony","family":"Zachariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res\u2010Brussels Operational Center Brussels Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1748"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318121"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001674"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"WHO.Control of the leishmaniasis. 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