{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:00:13Z","timestamp":1777406413395,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]],"date-time":"2015-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 TW010281\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 TW010281\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data on renal dysfunction in sub\u2010Saharan Africa, comparing urban and rural areas, have not yet been reported. Therefore, we aimed to determine the distribution of low estimated glomerular filtration rates (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">eGFR<\/jats:styled-content>s) in urban and rural Tanzania, to describe factors associated with low <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">eGFR<\/jats:styled-content> and to quantify fractions attributable to common risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a community\u2010based survey of 1095 randomly selected Tanzanian adults (\u226518 years). A structured questionnaire and examinations were used to document sociodemographic characteristics, diet, physical activity, anthropomorphic measurements and blood pressure. Blood tests were performed for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, diabetes mellitus and creatinine. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">eGFR<\/jats:styled-content> was calculated using two equations recommended for African adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum creatinine was available for 1043 participants: 170 in Mwanza city, 326 in district towns and 547 in rural areas. Mean age was 35.5 years and 54% were females. The prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">eGFR<\/jats:styled-content> &lt; 60 ml\/min\/1.73 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in these 3 strata was 2.3% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.8\u20136.6%), 7.5% (4.7\u201311.8%) and 7.4% (5.1\u201310.6%), respectively. When age standardised to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content> world population, prevalences were 3.8%, 10.1% and 8.1%. Factors associated with low <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">eGFR<\/jats:styled-content> included district town residence, older age, greater wealth, less physical activity and hypertension. Only 21% of cases with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">eGFR<\/jats:styled-content> &lt; 60 ml\/min\/1.73 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> were attributable to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>, hypertension or diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Decreased renal function is common in Tanzania, particularly in district towns, and unique risk factors for kidney disease may exist in this population. Population\u2010specific strategies for prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease are needed for Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T05:27:40Z","timestamp":1449638860000},"page":"393-404","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Decreased renal function and associated factors in cities, towns and rural areas of Tanzania: a community\u2010based population survey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Peck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit Mwanza Tanzania"},{"name":"Weill Bugando School of Medicine Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Baisley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bazil","family":"Kavishe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Bugando School of Medicine Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Were","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janneth","family":"Mghamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzanian Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Smeeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heiner","family":"Grosskurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saidi","family":"Kapiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Bugando School of Medicine Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in sub\u2010Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"14","author":"Stanifer JW","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328362bad7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60817-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.369"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2013.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr050"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0357-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"WHO STEPS Instrument","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"3","author":"Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp765"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069601"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.099085"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2","article-title":"Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure","volume":"42","author":"Chobanian AV","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529786"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Chronic kidney disease in the general population 2013. 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