{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:49:40Z","timestamp":1791892180887,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]],"date-time":"2016-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002870","name":"Christoffel Blinden Mission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002870","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000972","name":"Australian Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The number of adults with diabetes in sub\u2010Saharan Africa (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SSA<\/jats:styled-content>) is expected to almost double by 2035. This study investigated the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DR<\/jats:styled-content>) and its risk factors at entry into a community\u2010based screening programme.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All persons with diabetes screened for retinopathy at entry into a screening programme in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania between November 2010 and December 2014 were included. Fundus photographs were taken with a Topcon retinal camera following pupil dilation. Data were collected on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>, random blood sugar, duration of diabetes, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> and visual acuity on entry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 3187 persons were screened for DR. The prevalence of any <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DR<\/jats:styled-content> was 27.9% (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 26.4\u201329.5%) with background diabetic retinopathy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BDR<\/jats:styled-content>), pre\u2010proliferative diabetic retinopathy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPDR<\/jats:styled-content>) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDR<\/jats:styled-content>) having a prevalence of 19.1% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 17.7\u201320.4%), 6.0% (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 5.2\u20136.8%) and 2.9% (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 2.3\u20133.5%), respectively. Maculopathy was present in 16.1% (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 14.8\u201317.4%) of participants. Multivariable logistic regression analysis for the presence of any <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DR<\/jats:styled-content> found independent associations with duration of diabetes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001), systolic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001), random blood sugar (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) and attending a government hospital diabetic clinic (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0339).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is the first to present data from a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DR<\/jats:styled-content> screening programme in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SSA<\/jats:styled-content>. The results will provide policymakers with data to aid planning of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DR<\/jats:styled-content> screening and treatment services in the African region. The study highlights the importance of managing comorbidities within <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DR<\/jats:styled-content> screening programmes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T03:51:01Z","timestamp":1449633061000},"page":"417-426","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Diabetic retinopathy in Tanzania: prevalence and risk factors at entry into a regional screening programme"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Charles R.","family":"Cleland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Department Kilimanjaro Christina Medical Centre Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Eye Health London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudette","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience University Maastricht Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle Eye Hospital Research Foundation Waratah NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Courtright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William U.","family":"Makupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Department Kilimanjaro Christina Medical Centre Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiko","family":"Philippin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Department Kilimanjaro Christina Medical Centre Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"International Centre for Eye Health London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.136523"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70175-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70002-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr050"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AdeyiO World Bank.Public policy and the challenge of chronic noncommunicable diseases. 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