{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:15:13Z","timestamp":1784258113134,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]],"date-time":"2015-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009054","name":"U.S. President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the spectrum of ocular complications of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HZO<\/jats:styled-content>) in rural South Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients presenting with visual complaints and active or healed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HZO<\/jats:styled-content> at the ophthalmology outpatient department of three hospitals in rural South Africa were included in this study. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> status was determined for all participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010eight patients were included, and 81% were <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infected. Poor vision was reported by 94% of patients, painful eye by 79% and photophobia by 63%. A diverse spectrum of ocular complications was observed with corneal inflammation and opacification in 77% followed by anterior uveitis in 65%. The majority (65%) presented with late\u2010stage ocular complications associated with irreversible loss of vision whereas early\u2010stage complications, such as punctate epithelial keratitis and anterior uveitis, were less common. Blindness of the affected eye was observed in 68% of patients with late\u2010stage complications. There was a considerable delay between onset of symptoms and first presentation to the ophthalmology outpatient department (median time 35\u00a0days; range 1\u20132500\u00a0days), and longer delay was associated with late\u2010stage ocular complications (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.02).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HZO<\/jats:styled-content> patients present with relatively late\u2010stage ocular complications, and blindness among these patients is common. The delayed presentation to the ophthalmology outpatient department of hospitals in our rural setting is of concern, and efforts to improve ocular outcomes of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HZO<\/jats:styled-content> are urgently needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,11]],"date-time":"2015-12-11T08:29:53Z","timestamp":1449822593000},"page":"334-339","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Early\u2010 and late\u2010stage ocular complications of herpes zoster ophthalmicus in rural South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Erik","family":"Schaftenaar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Rotterdam Eye Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Anova Health Institute Johannesburg and Tzaneen South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Meenken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Seerp","family":"Baarsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rotterdam Eye Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anova Health Institute Johannesburg and Tzaneen South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health &amp; Family Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges M. G. M.","family":"Verjans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remco P. H.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anova Health Institute Johannesburg and Tzaneen South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200106000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1993.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icu.0000143686.68103.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.5.1153"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)95033-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Evaluation and management of herpes zoster ophthalmicus","volume":"66","author":"Shaikh S","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199510000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/513626"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1654(1998100)8:4<187::AID-RMV221>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040010044004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.71.11.806"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.71.5.353"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6703027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31099-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","volume-title":"ICD\u201010 Classifications of Mental and Behavioural Disorder: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462412472303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0891"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/samj.7109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2007.005666"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807233390406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-014-0340-6"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftmi.12654","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.12654","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T23:49:57Z","timestamp":1696031397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tmi.12654"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tmi.12654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.12654","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]]}}}