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Together with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, it is endemic in some African nations. Seroprevalence data from Malawi are scarce, with no reports on associated disease incidence. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content> seroprevalence and type were tested in 418 healthy mothers from Malawi. In addition, we tested the sera of 534 children to investigate mother\u2010to\u2010child transmission. To provide context, we conducted a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content> seroprevalence in African women and children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stored samples from a previous childhood cancer and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBV<\/jats:styled-content> study were analysed. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> was used for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content> screening followed by immunoblot for confirmation and typing. Standard methods were used for the systematic review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content> seroprevalence was 2.6% (11\/418) in mothers and 2.2% (12\/534) in children. Three mothers carried <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 alone, seven had <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 and one was dually infected. Three children carried <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 alone, seven had <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 and two were dually infected. Only two corresponding mothers of the 12 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive children were <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content> positive. The systematic review included 66 studies of women and 13 of children conducted in 25 African countries. Seroprevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 varied from 0 to 17% and of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 from 0 to 4%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In contrast to findings from other studies in Africa, the seroprevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 was higher than that of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 in Malawi and one of the highest for the African region. The lack of mother\u2013child concordance suggests alternative sources of infection among children. Our data and analyses contribute to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTLV<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence mapping in Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,24]],"date-time":"2015-12-24T12:02:20Z","timestamp":1450958540000},"page":"312-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Seroprevalence of <scp>HTLV<\/scp>\u20101 and HTLV\u20102 amongst mothers and children in Malawi within the context of a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of <scp>HTLV<\/scp> seroprevalence in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"James M.","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infection Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School University of York York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Mutalima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences University of York York UK"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Monash Health Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Molyneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department College of Medicine Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Blantyre Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy M.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield College University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham P.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Human Retrovirology\/HTLV clinic Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust St Mary's Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences University of York York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infection Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School University of York York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2014.966690"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"The epidemiology and disease outcomes of human T\u2010lymphotropic virus type II","volume":"6","author":"Roucoux DF","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit497"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1001.020714"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181cc5481"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20126"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6981847"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-2-30"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501734102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v3071074"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1993.9.381"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1093"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"68","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of the human T\u2010cell leukaemia\/lymphoma viruses in Europe. 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