{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:43:30Z","timestamp":1789685010411,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]],"date-time":"2016-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rabies, an acute progressive encephalomyelitis, continues to be a serious public health problem in India and many other countries in Asia and Africa. The low level of commitment to rabies control is partly attributable to challenges in laboratory diagnosis and lack of adequate surveillance to indicate the disease burden. A laboratory audit of human rabies cases was undertaken to disseminate information on the clinical, demographic, prophylactic and most importantly the laboratory diagnostic aspects of rabies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective analysis of all clinically suspected human rabies cases, whose samples were received at a rabies diagnostic laboratory in South India in the last 3 years, was performed. Clinical and demographic details of patients were obtained. The clinical samples included cerebrospinal fluid (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), serum, saliva and nuchal skin biopsy collected antemortem, and brain tissue obtained post\u2010mortem. Various laboratory tests were performed for diagnosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clinical samples from 128 patients with suspected rabies, from 11 states in India, were received for diagnostic confirmation. About 94% of the victims reported dog\u2010bites, more than a third of them were children and most of the victims did not receive adequate post\u2010exposure prophylaxis. Antemortem confirmation of rabies by a combination of laboratory diagnostic assays (detection of viral\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , skin and saliva, and neutralising antibodies in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) could be achieved in 40.6%cases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increasing awareness about adequate post\u2010exposure prophylaxis, additional rabies diagnostic facilities, and enhanced human and animal rabies surveillance to indicate the true disease burden are essential to control this fatal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T08:55:47Z","timestamp":1453452947000},"page":"556-563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Human rabies in India: an audit from a rabies diagnostic laboratory"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Reeta Subramaniam","family":"Mani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurovirology National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwini Manoor","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurovirology National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shampur Narayan","family":"Madhusudana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurovirology National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: Second report. 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