{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:02:56Z","timestamp":1791252176602,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]],"date-time":"2016-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To provide an overview of the most frequent aetiologies found in febrile episodes of children under 5 years from sub\u2010Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMBASE<\/jats:styled-content> were searched for publications in English and French on non\u2010malaria fever episodes in African children under 5 years of age, which were published between January 1990 and July 2015. Case reports and conference abstracts were excluded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 3851 titles and abstracts were reviewed, and 153 were selected for full screening of which 18 were included in the present review. Bloodstream infection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BSI<\/jats:styled-content>) was most commonly investigated (nine of 18) followed by urinary tract infection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content>) (four of 18) and respiratory tract infection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RTI<\/jats:styled-content>) (two of 18). Few studies investigated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BSI<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content> in the same children (two of 18), or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BSI<\/jats:styled-content> and gastrointestinal infection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GII<\/jats:styled-content>) (one of 18). As for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BSI<\/jats:styled-content>, the most frequently isolated bacteria were <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (four of 12), <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumonia<\/jats:italic> (four of 12), <jats:italic>Salmonella spp<\/jats:italic> (three of 12) and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (two of 12) with a positive identification rate of 19.7\u201333.3%, 5.2\u201327.6%, 11.7\u201365.4% and 23.5\u201342.0%, respectively. As for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content>, the main bacteria isolated were <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (six of six) and <jats:italic>Klebsiella spp<\/jats:italic> (six of six) with a positive rate of 20.0\u201372.3% and 10.0\u201328.5%, respectively. No bacterium was isolated in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RTI<\/jats:styled-content> group, but <jats:italic>Human influenzae<\/jats:italic> A and B were frequently found, with the highest positive identification rate in Tanzania (75.3%). Dengue virus (two of 12) was the most frequently reported viral infection with a positive identification rate of 16.7\u201330.8%. Finally, only rotavirus\/adenovirus (69.2% positive identification rate) was found in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GII<\/jats:styled-content> and no bacterium was isolated in this group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high prevalence of treatable causes of non\u2010malaria fever episodes requires a proper diagnosis of the origin of fever followed by an appropriate treatment, thereby reducing the under\u20105 mortality in sub\u2010Saharan Africa and preventing the overprescription of antibiotics and thus circumventing the rise of antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,9]],"date-time":"2016-05-09T18:57:20Z","timestamp":1462820240000},"page":"943-955","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Aetiologies of non\u2010malaria febrile episodes in children under 5 years in sub\u2010Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Francois","family":"Kiemde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Science de la Sant\u00e9 Nanaro Burkina Faso"},{"name":"Parasitology Unit Royal Tropical Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Spijker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Library University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cochrane Netherlands University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra F.","family":"Mens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Unit Royal Tropical Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halidou","family":"Tinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Science de la Sant\u00e9 Nanaro Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Boele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Child Health Group Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk D. 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