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Global and national burden of disease estimates for hepatitis B and rubella are based almost exclusively on serological data. Seroepidemiology has helped in the design of measles, poliomyelitis and rubella elimination programmes, by informing estimates of the required population immunity thresholds for elimination. It contributes to monitoring of these programmes by identifying population immunity gaps and evaluating the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns. Seroepidemiological data have also helped to identify contributing factors to resurgences of diphtheria, <jats:italic>Haemophilus Influenzae<\/jats:italic> type B and pertussis. When there is no confounding by antibodies induced by natural infection (as is the case for tetanus and hepatitis B vaccines), seroprevalence data provide a composite picture of vaccination coverage and effectiveness, although they cannot reliably indicate the number of doses of vaccine received. Despite these potential uses, technological, time and cost constraints have limited the widespread application of this tool in low\u2010income countries. The use of venous blood samples makes it difficult to obtain high participation rates in surveys, but the performance of assays based on less invasive samples such as dried blood spots or oral fluid has varied greatly. Waning antibody levels after vaccination may mean that seroprevalence underestimates immunity. This, together with variation in assay sensitivity and specificity and the common need to take account of antibody induced by natural infection, means that relatively sophisticated statistical analysis of data is required. Nonetheless, advances in assays on minimally invasive samples may enhance the feasibility of including serology in large survey programmes in low\u2010income countries. In this paper, we review the potential uses of seroepidemiology to improve vaccination policymaking and programme monitoring and discuss what is needed to broaden the use of this tool in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T15:25:02Z","timestamp":1465917902000},"page":"1086-1098","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Seroepidemiology: an underused tool for designing and monitoring vaccination programmes in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Felicity T.","family":"Cutts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Delivery Global Development The Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/29.2.362"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110506"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"30164","article-title":"Use of serological surveys to generate key insights into the changing global landscape of infectious disease","volume":"5","author":"Metcalf C J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.4.992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"WHO.World Health Organization Expanded Programme on Immunization. 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