{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:51:43Z","timestamp":1726188703173},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]],"date-time":"2016-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007813","name":"Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healers provide support for acute and chronic illnesses in rural Mozambique, such as socially acceptable traditional \u2018vaccinations\u2019 (subcutaneous cuts in the skin to rub herbs directly into the bloody lesion). We aimed to document the frequency of blood exposure by traditional practitioners in Mozambique.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted surveys with a simple random sample of 236 traditional healers in Zamb\u00e9zia province. Chi\u2010square and Wilcoxon rank\u2010sum tests were used to compare \u2018injection\u2019 behaviours across districts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healers treated a median of eight patients in the past month (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQR<\/jats:styled-content>: 4\u201315). About 75% conducted \u2018injections\u2019. These healers \u2018injected\u2019 a median of four patients (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQR<\/jats:styled-content>: 1\u20138), used a new razor a median of three times (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQR<\/jats:styled-content>: 1\u20138), and almost never used gloves. Lifetime blood exposures among those who provided \u2018injections\u2019 during treatments were estimated to be 1758 over a healer's career.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of healers are exposed repeatedly to patient blood. Given the high prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>, hepatitis B and C virus, and other blood\u2010borne agents, specific healer practices are an occupational hazard and reuse of razors is risky for their clients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,31]],"date-time":"2016-08-31T18:24:45Z","timestamp":1472667885000},"page":"1476-1480","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Occupational hazards of traditional healers: repeated unprotected blood exposures risk infectious disease transmission"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Carolyn M.","family":"Audet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health Nashville TN USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Policy Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Salato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friends in Global Health Quelimane and Maputo Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meridith","family":"Blevins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health Nashville TN USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health Nashville TN USA"},{"name":"Friends in Global Health Quelimane and Maputo Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1zaro","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health Nashville TN USA"},{"name":"Friends in Global Health Quelimane and Maputo Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sten H.","family":"Vermund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health Nashville TN USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felisbela","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Medicine MISAU Maputo Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000194"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-7657.2011.00887.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Notes from the Field: Occupationally Acquired HIV Infection among Health Care Workers \u2014 United States, 1985\u20132013","author":"Joyce M","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2013.14.10.1373"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-55"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.8518"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"KingR.Collaboration with traditional healers in HIV\/AIDS prevention and care in sub\u2010Saharan Africa: a literature review. 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