{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:37:07Z","timestamp":1791916627012,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000367","name":"British Council for Prevention of Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine modifiable risk factors of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSSN<\/jats:styled-content>) in Kenya using disease\u2010free controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adults with conjunctival lesions were recruited at four eye care centres in Kenya and underwent excision biopsy. An equal number of controls having surgery for conditions not affecting the conjunctiva and unrelated to ultraviolet light were group\u2010matched to cases by age group, sex and eye care centre. Associations of risk factors with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSSN<\/jats:styled-content> were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>s) and 95% confidence intervals (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>s). Continuous variables were compared using the t\u2010test or the Wilcoxon\u2013Mann\u2013Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\u2010test depending on their distribution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 131 cases and 131 controls were recruited. About two\u2010thirds of participants were female, and the mean age of cases and controls was 42.1 years and 43.3 years, respectively. Risk factors for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSSN<\/jats:styled-content> were <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection without antiretroviral therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>) use (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 48.42; 95% CI: 7.73\u2013303.31) and with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content> use (OR = 19.16; 95% CI: 6.60\u201355.57), longer duration of exposure to the sun in the main occupation (6.9 h\/day <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 4.6 h\/day, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.10\u20131.40) and a history of allergic conjunctivitis (OR = 74.61; 95% CI: 8.08\u2013688.91). Wearing hats was protective (OR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.07\u20130.63).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measures to prevent and control <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>, reduce sun exposure such as wearing hats and control allergic conjunctivitis are recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]],"date-time":"2016-10-13T04:56:03Z","timestamp":1476334563000},"page":"1522-1530","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Risk factors for ocular surface squamous neoplasia in Kenya: a case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Gichuhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Eye Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Nairobi Nairobi 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