{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T20:57:40Z","timestamp":1774817860873,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,12]],"date-time":"2016-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The custom of wearing labrets has a long tradition. Labrets appeared independently several thousand years ago in various culture groups in Asia, Europe, Africa and the Americas. Today, apart from diverse body modifications as increasingly practiced in western civilisations, lip plates and plugs are found among a small number of tribal groups only in Africa and Amazonia. We summarise the history of labrets in different societies, describe medical consequences of wearing lip plates and plugs for jaws and teeth and address relevant cultural issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,15]],"date-time":"2016-11-15T00:16:20Z","timestamp":1479168980000},"page":"232-240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Labrets in Africa and Amazonia: medical implications and cultural determinants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Roland","family":"Garve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Natural and Cultural History of Man Danube Private University Krems Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Garve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quality and Accreditation Leuphana University L\u00fcneburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens C.","family":"T\u00fcrp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Natural and Cultural History of Man Danube Private University Krems Austria"},{"name":"Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Temporomandibular Disorders University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian G.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Tropical Medicine Eberhard\u2010Karls University T\u00fcbingen T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5040\/9798400620287","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Body Adornment","author":"De Mello M","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Return of the Tribal: Celebration of Body Adornment, Piercing, Tattooing, Scarification, Body Painting","author":"Camphausen RC","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"KeddieG.Symbolism and Context: World history of the labret and cultural diffusion on the Pacific Rim. 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