{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T19:33:35Z","timestamp":1776281615082,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]],"date-time":"2017-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"Styrelsen f\u00f6r Internationellt Utvecklingssamarbete","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe household\u2010level risk factors for secondary influenza\u2010like illness (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ILI<\/jats:styled-content>), an important public health concern in the low\u2010income population of Bangladesh.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secondary analysis of control participants in a randomised controlled trial evaluating the effect of handwashing to prevent household<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ILI<\/jats:styled-content>transmission. We recruited index\u2010case patients with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ILI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013 fever (&lt;5 years); fever, cough or sore throat (\u22655 years) \u2013 from health facilities, collected information on household factors and conducted syndromic surveillance among household contacts for 10 days after resolution of index\u2010case patients\u2019 symptoms. We evaluated the associations between household factors at baseline and secondary<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ILI<\/jats:styled-content>among household contacts using negative binomial regression, accounting for clustering by household.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our sample was 1491 household contacts of 184 index\u2010case patients. Seventy\u2010one percentage reported that smoking occurred in their home, 27% shared a latrine with one other household and 36% shared a latrine with &gt;1 other household. A total of 114 household contacts (7.6%) had symptoms of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ILI<\/jats:styled-content>during follow\u2010up. Smoking in the home (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>1.9, 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.2, 3.0) and sharing a latrine with one household (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>2.1, 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.2, 3.6) or &gt;1 household (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>3.1, 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.8\u20135.2) were independently associated with increased risk of secondary<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ILI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tobacco use in homes could increase respiratory illness in Bangladesh. The mechanism between use of shared latrines and household<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ILI<\/jats:styled-content>transmission is not clear. It is possible that respiratory pathogens could be transmitted through faecal contact or contaminated fomites in shared latrines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,27]],"date-time":"2016-11-27T08:56:40Z","timestamp":1480237000000},"page":"187-195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Household\u2010level risk factors for secondary influenza\u2010like illness in a rural area of Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Health Professions University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA"},{"name":"Richard M. 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