{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T05:06:24Z","timestamp":1789880784152,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,22]],"date-time":"2017-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002999","name":"Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002999","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To simultaneously estimate the prevalence of antibodies against <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> (Q fever) among adults and small ruminants, and <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> shedding prevalence among small ruminants in households in the Kiang West district of The Gambia, and to assess associated risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sera of 599 adults and 615 small ruminants from 125 compounds within 12 villages were tested for antibodies against <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>. Vaginal swabs and milk samples of 155 small ruminants were tested using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> to investigate shedding of <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 3.8\u20139.7% of adults, depending on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> test cut\u2010off, and 24.9% of small ruminants in Kiang West were seropositive. Having at least one seropositive animal in one's compound was a risk factor for human seropositivity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 3.35, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.09\u201314.44). A grazing area within a village was a risk factor for seropositivity in small ruminants (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 2.07, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.26\u20133.50); others were having lambed (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 2.75, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.37\u20135.76) and older age of the animals (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 2.75, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.37\u20135.76 for 1\u20133 years and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 5.84, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 3.10\u201311.64 for &gt;3 years); 57.4% of sampled small ruminants were shedding <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection is endemic among both humans and small ruminants in this area of The Gambia. Human and animal exposure to <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> were related at compound level. Further research into the clinical relevance of <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection in West Africa is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,17]],"date-time":"2016-12-17T21:44:12Z","timestamp":1482011052000},"page":"323-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i> (Q fever) prevalence in associated populations of humans and small ruminants in The Gambia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Bok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenny","family":"Hogerwerf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eveline A.","family":"Germeraad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik I. 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