{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T07:08:24Z","timestamp":1763017704731},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine trends in prescription of cough medicines over the period 2002\u20132015 in children aged 1 month to 12 years admitted to Kenyan hospitals with cough, difficulty breathing or diagnosed with a respiratory tract infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reviewed hospitalisation records of children included in four studies providing cross\u2010sectional prevalence estimates from government hospitals for six time periods between 2002 and 2015. Children with an atopic illness were excluded. Amongst eligible children, we determined the proportion prescribed any adjuvant medication for cough. Active ingredients in these medicines were often multiple and were classified into five categories: antihistamines, antitussives, mucolytics\/expectorants, decongestants and bronchodilators. From late 2006, guidelines discouraging cough medicine use have been widely disseminated and in 2009 national directives to decrease cough medicine use were issued.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Across the studies, 17 963 children were eligible. Their median age and length of hospital stay were comparable. The proportion of children who received cough medicines shrank across the surveys: approximately 6% [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 5.4, 6.6] of children had a prescription in 2015 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 40% [95% CI: 35.5, 45.6] in 2002. The most common active ingredients were antihistamines and bronchodilators. The relative proportion that included antihistamines has increased over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There has been an overall decline in the use of cough medicines among hospitalised children over time. This decline has been associated with educational, policy and mass media interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]],"date-time":"2016-12-19T21:42:57Z","timestamp":1482183777000},"page":"363-369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Inappropriate prescription of cough remedies among children hospitalised with respiratory illness over the period 2002\u20132015 in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Michuki","family":"Maina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Akech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Mwaniki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Gachau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morris","family":"Ogero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Julius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Ayieko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Irimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/10.2.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children: Guidelines for the Management of Common Childhood Illnesses. 2","author":"WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health.Basic Paediatric Protocols for ages up to 5 years Nairobi: KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kenya Paediatric Association;2016. 4th (Available from:http:\/\/idoc-africa.org\/images\/documents\/2016\/Basic_Paediatric_Protocol_2016\/MAY%2023rd%20BPP%202016%20SA.pdf) [updated February 2016; 5 May 2016]."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Integrated management of childhood illness by outpatient health workers: technical basis and overview. 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Department of Pharmacovigilance;2014. 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