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From interviews with caregivers in 100 households, the relationship between the presence (and discharge) of household sanitation facilities and any, pathogen\u2010specific, and diarrhoea\u2010specific enteric infection was tested through mixed\u2010effects Poisson regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Few study households (33%) reported having toilets, most of which (82%) discharged into open drains. Controlling for season and household socio\u2010economic status, the presence of a household toilet was associated with lower risks of enteric infection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.91, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.79\u20131.06), bacterial infection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.87, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.75\u20131.02) and protozoal infection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.64, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.39\u20131.04), although not statistically significant, but had no association with diarrhoea (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.00, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.68\u20131.45) or viral infections (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.12, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.79\u20131.60). Models also suggested that the relationship between household toilets discharging to drains and enteric infection risk may vary by season.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presence of a household toilet was associated with lower risk of bacterial and protozoal enteric infections, but not diarrhoea or viral infections, suggesting the health effects of sanitation may be more accurately estimated using outcome measures that account for aetiologic agents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]],"date-time":"2017-06-27T06:14:52Z","timestamp":1498544092000},"page":"1119-1129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Household sanitation is associated with lower risk of bacterial and protozoal enteric infections, but not viral infections and diarrhoea, in a cohort study in a low\u2010income urban neighbourhood in Vellore, India"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Berendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA"},{"name":"Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA USA"},{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA USA"},{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Clennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suraja","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Yakubu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharine","family":"Robb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Kartikeyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Laboratory Christian Medical College Vellore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Hemavathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Laboratory Christian Medical College Vellore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annai","family":"Gunasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Laboratory Christian Medical College Vellore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheela","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Laboratory Christian Medical College Vellore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben Chirag","family":"Ghale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Laboratory Christian Medical College Vellore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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