{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:09:33Z","timestamp":1782166173460,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,7]],"date-time":"2017-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia"},{"name":"Sanitation and Hygiene Applied Research (SHARE)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine levels of bacterial contamination in formula feeding bottles in Sidoarjo, East Java, and to assess the preparation practices that may have been responsible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted among 92 randomly selected households with children under the age of two who were bottle\u2010fed formula. In each household, we carried out video observation of mothers\/caregivers preparing bottles, and examined samples of formula for coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli (<jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>). In\u2010depth interviews were conducted with a subsample of 20 mothers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 88% of the formula feeds were contaminated with total coliforms at a level &gt;10 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPN<\/jats:styled-content>\/ml, and 45% contained <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>. These feeds were defined as \u2018unfit for human consumption\u2019. In the video observations, none of the mothers complied with all five <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010recommended measures of hygienic formula feed preparation. Only two mothers washed their hands with soap prior to formula preparation. Most mothers also failed to clean or sterilise the bottle and clean the preparation area. In\u2010depth interviews confirmed that such suboptimal hygiene practices were common.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high levels of contamination found highlight that bottles are an important faecal\u2010oral exposure pathway resulting from poor hygiene practices during bottle preparation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,16]],"date-time":"2017-07-16T13:06:35Z","timestamp":1500210395000},"page":"1275-1282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["\u2018Unfit for human consumption\u2019: a study of the contamination of formula milk fed to young children in East Java, Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Gibson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London 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