{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T21:33:32Z","timestamp":1780608812280,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]],"date-time":"2018-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531699200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":340,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,10]],"date-time":"2017-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE\u20101144245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE\u20101144245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005302","name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterize the relationship between child faeces disposal and child growth in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed caregiver responses and anthropometric data from Demographic and Health Surveys (2005\u20132014) for 202\u00a0614 children under five and 82\u00a0949 children under two to examine the association between child faeces disposal and child growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Child faeces disposal in an improved toilet was associated with reduced stunting for children under five [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR)\u00a0=\u00a00.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89\u20130.92] and a 0.12 increase in height\u2010for\u2010age <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score (HAZ; 95% CI: 0.10\u20130.15) among all households. Among households with improved sanitation access, practicing improved child faeces disposal was still associated with a decrease in stunting (aPR\u00a0=\u00a00.94, 95% CI: 0.91\u20130.96) and a 0.09 increase in HAZ (95% CI: 0.06\u20130.13). Improved child faeces disposal was also associated with reductions in underweight and wasting, and an increase in weight\u2010for\u2010age <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score (WAZ), but not an increase in weight\u2010for\u2010height <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score (WHZ). Community coverage level of improved child faeces disposal was also associated with stunting, with 75\u2013100% coverage associated with the greatest reduction in stunting. Child faeces disposal in an unimproved toilet was associated with reductions in underweight and wasting, but not stunting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Improved child faeces disposal practices could achieve greater reductions in child undernutrition than improving toilet access alone. Additionally, the common classification of child faeces disposal as \u2018safe\u2019 regardless of the type of toilet used for disposal may underestimate the benefits of disposal in an improved toilet and overestimate the benefits of disposal in an unimproved toilet.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,16]],"date-time":"2017-07-16T13:12:41Z","timestamp":1500210761000},"page":"1233-1248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The effect of young children's faeces disposal practices on child growth: evidence from 34 countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Valerie","family":"Bauza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Guest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064636"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.239"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00144-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008791"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15261-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0629"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv368"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00119-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"GilA LanataC KleinauE PennyM.Strategic Report 11 Children's Feces Disposal Practices in Developing Countries and Interventions to Prevent Diarrheal Diseases.US Agency Int Dev Wash DC 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.Supplement_2.S16"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3362\/1756-3488.2015.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"Water and Sanitation Program\/UNICEF.Management of Child Feces: Current Disposal Practices.2015. 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