{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T14:13:29Z","timestamp":1777644809166,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,12]],"date-time":"2017-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regione Toscana (Italy),Progetti di Iniziativa Regionale (PIR) 2015 (\u2018Supporto almiglioramento della condizione di salute della popolazionedel Chaco Boliviano\u2019)."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic> infections is grossly underestimated because infections go mostly undetected, although they can persist for a lifetime due to the auto\u2010infective cycle. In the Bolivian Chaco, the prevalence of soil\u2010transmitted nematodes dropped dramatically in the past 25 years, but the mebendazole used for preventive chemotherapy has no effect on <jats:italic>S.\u00a0stercoralis<\/jats:italic>. Meanwhile, the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections remains unchanged. We compared <jats:italic>S.\u00a0stercoralis<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence in rural communities of the Bolivian Chaco from 1987 to 2013.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sera collected during two previous serosurveys, conducted in the Chaco region in 1987 and 2013, were tested for <jats:italic>S.\u00a0stercoralis<\/jats:italic> using a commercial assay (Bordier\u2010ELISA, Bordier Affinity Products, Switzerland).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 355 sera were analysed, 122 from the 1987 survey and 233 from the 2013 survey. Seropositivity for <jats:italic>S.\u00a0stercoralis<\/jats:italic> was significantly more prevalent in 1987 (19\/122, 16% in 1987 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 15\/233, 6% in 2013, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006), accounted for by a drop from 17% to 3% in people under 26\u00a0years of age. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between seropositivity for <jats:italic>S.\u00a0stercoralis<\/jats:italic> and age in the 2013 population (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.03 for each one\u2010year increase, 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.00\u20131.05, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04), but none in 1987.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The significant reduction in <jats:italic>S.\u00a0stercoralis<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence in Bolivian Chaco cannot be explained by preventive chemotherapy or improved social\u2010sanitary conditions. As the drop is seen in younger generations, it is consistent with little transmission occurring. However, the risk of transmission still exists, as prevalence is persistently high in older individuals, who present a potential reservoir due to the lifelong nature of <jats:italic>S.\u00a0stercoralis<\/jats:italic> infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T06:59:14Z","timestamp":1505890754000},"page":"1457-1462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Seroepidemiological trend of strongyloidiasis in the Bolivian Chaco (1987\u20132013) in the absence of disease\u2010specific control measures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Spinicci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze Firenze 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Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rojo Mayaregua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Salud del Chaco Tekove Katu Gutierrez Plurinational State of Bolivia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Monasterio Pinckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio Departamental de Salud (SEDES) de Santa Cruz Santa Cruz Plurinational State of Bolivia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herlan","family":"Gamboa Barahona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad Integral del Chaco Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Ren\u00e9 Moreno Camiri Plurinational State of Bolivia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grover Adolfo","family":"Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministerio de Salud Programa Nacional de Zoonosis La Paz Plurinational State of Bolivia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Percy","family":"Halkyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunization Pan\u2010American Health Organization La Paz Plurinational State of Bolivia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Cancrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica e Malattie Infettive Universit\u00e0 di Roma Sapienza Roma Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Olliaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO\/TDR) WHO Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Montresor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases World Health Organization Geneva 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