{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:46:35Z","timestamp":1788828395455,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]],"date-time":"2018-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EED<\/jats:styled-content>) can be assessed by faecal biomarkers such as Myeloperoxidase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPO<\/jats:styled-content>), Neopterin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NEO<\/jats:styled-content>) and Alpha\u20101 anti\u2010trypsin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AAT<\/jats:styled-content>). We aimed to test the association of intestinal pathogens with faecal markers of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EED<\/jats:styled-content>among slum\u2010dwelling children in first 2 years of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ED<\/jats:styled-content>birth cohort data of Bangladesh site were used to conduct this analysis. Multivariable analyses using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were performed to test the association between intestinal pathogens and faecal markers of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EED<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Giardiasis, ascariasis and trichuriasis were the most frequent parasitic infections and<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>spp., Enteroaggregative<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EAEC<\/jats:styled-content>) and Enterotoxigenic<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ETEC<\/jats:styled-content>) were the common bacterial pathogens observed in stool samples of the children. Overall, 71%, 97% and 58% of stool samples were above values considered normal in non\u2010tropical settings for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPO<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NEO<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AAT<\/jats:styled-content>respectively. Giardiasis was found to be significantly associated with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPO<\/jats:styled-content>(Coefficient = 0.55; 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>= 0.15, 0.95;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value = 0.008) and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AAT<\/jats:styled-content>concentrations (Coefficient = 0.34; 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>= 0.04, 0.63;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value = 0.03). A significant association was found between trichuriasis and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NEO<\/jats:styled-content>(Coefficient = 0.90; 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>= 0.19, 1.61;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value = 0.01). Trichuriasis (Coefficient = 1.71; 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>= 0.32, 3.11;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value = 0.02) and giardiasis (Coefficient = 1.51; 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>= 0.79, 2.23;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value &lt;0.001) were significantly associated with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EED<\/jats:styled-content>score. Children with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EAEC<\/jats:styled-content>had significantly higher<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPO<\/jats:styled-content>concentrations (Coefficient = 0.33; 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>= 0.06, 0.61;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value = 0.02).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study results imply the importance of intestinal pathogens in contributing to intestinal inflammation and increased intestinal permeability in young children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T16:35:03Z","timestamp":1534955703000},"page":"1242-1250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Association of intestinal pathogens with faecal markers of environmental enteric dysfunction among slum\u2010dwelling children in the first 2 years of life in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Shah Mohammad","family":"Fahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division icddr,b Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhasish","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division icddr,b Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. 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