{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:00:55Z","timestamp":1780491655060,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]],"date-time":"2018-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lymphatic filariasis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LF<\/jats:styled-content>) elimination through mass drug administration (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDA<\/jats:styled-content>) of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DEC<\/jats:styled-content>and albendazole have resulted in very low levels of infection in most endemic districts in India. But small pockets with residual microfilaraemia in the community and antigeneamia in children (\u2018hotspots\u2019) are a cause of concern. We aimed to identify the determinants of such transmission hotspots and filarial infection in households using data from 33 communities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The filariasis vector<jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>was collected from 627 randomly selected households using gravid traps. Parallel data on environmental, entomological, demographical, socio\u2010economical and behavioural factors were analysed to identify the determinants of hotspots and household\u2010level infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hotspots and non\u2010hotspots did not differ significantly in terms of socio\u2010economical and behavioural aspects, but did differ in terms of demographical and environmental factors. Logistic regression revealed that tiled and concrete houses increased the risk of an area being a hotspot by 2.0 and 2.9 times respectively. Presence of<jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>breeding habitats was significantly associated with elevated risk of being a hotspot. Proximity of U\u2010drains to a house increased the risk of filarial infection 5.8 times.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>An environment suitable to<jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>breeding influences continued transmission despite eight rounds of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDA<\/jats:styled-content>, particularly in hotspots. Proximity to U\u2010drains increases the risk of infection in households. Implementing localised vector control measures may help interrupt low\u2010level transmission, thereby reducing the risk of resurgence in the absence of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDA<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T12:10:45Z","timestamp":1535458245000},"page":"1251-1258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Determinants of transmission hotspots and filarial infection in households after eight rounds of mass drug administration in India"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Srividya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2010Vector Control Research Centre Puducherry India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2010Vector Control Research Centre Puducherry India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Sadanandane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2010Vector Control Research Centre Puducherry India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Vasuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2010Vector Control Research Centre Puducherry India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Jambulingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR\u2010Vector Control Research Centre Puducherry India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","unstructured":"Programme NVBDC.National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme: Lymphatic filariasis \u2013 Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (ELF) 2018. 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