{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:20:56Z","timestamp":1787016056229,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]],"date-time":"2018-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002412","name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71473192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71473192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate price, availability and affordability of insulin products in Shaanxi Province, western China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a simplified and adapted WHO\/Health Action International method to obtain the availability and prices of insulin products and five oral anti\u2010diabetic medicines as comparators in public general hospitals and private retail outlets. In addition, we investigated the price components of eight selected insulin products by tracing the supply chain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All three kinds of insulin products, prandial, basal and premixed insulin, are 100% available in public hospitals, and have fairly high availability in the private sector (62.5\u201368.8%). The prices of most insulin products were higher than international reference prices in both sectors (ranging from 0.95 times to 2.33 times). All insulin products were unaffordable as they would cost 3.5\u201317.1 days' wage of the lowest\u2010paid government workers in Shaanxi. The manufacturer's markup (selling price), which comprised more than 60% of the final price of all insulin products surveyed, was the largest price component.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although availability of insulin products was high in public general hospitals and private retail pharmacies, their high price made them unaffordable to diabetes patients, especially low\u2010income patients. The government should increase insurance compensation for those who need these life\u2010saving medicines or decrease the cost of insulin products through negotiation with suppliers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T10:50:30Z","timestamp":1539255030000},"page":"43-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Prices, availability and affordability of insulin products: a cross\u2010sectional survey in Shaanxi Province, western China"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zongjie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinqin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug and Equipment No. 521 Hospital of Ordnance Industry Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Alimamy","family":"Kabba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caijun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiale","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panpan","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy 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