{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:41:43Z","timestamp":1780548103217,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To review the findings of studies of pharyngeal carriage of <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic> and related species conducted in the African meningitis belt since a previous review published in 2007.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed and Web of Science were searched in July 2018 using the terms \u2018meningococcal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR <\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis <\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR <\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>lactamica <\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> carriage <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> Africa\u2019, with the search limited to papers published on or after 1st January 2007. We conducted a narrative review of these publications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and thirteen papers were identified using the search terms described above, 20 of which reported new data from surveys conducted in an African meningitis belt country. These papers described 40 surveys conducted before the introduction of the group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenAfriVac<jats:sup>R<\/jats:sup>) during which 66 707 pharyngeal swabs were obtained. Carriage prevalence of <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic> varied substantially by time and place, ranging from &lt;1% to 24%. The mean pharyngeal carriage prevalence of <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic> across all surveys was 4.5% [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 3.4%, 6.8%] and that of capsulated <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic> was 2.8% [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.9%; 5.2%]. A study of households provided strong evidence for meningococcal transmission within and outside households. The introduction of MenAfriVac<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> led to marked reductions in carriage of the serogroup A meningococcus in Burkina Faso and Chad.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent studies employing standardised methods confirm the findings of older studies that carriage of <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic> in the African meningitis belt is highly variable over time and place, but generally occurs with a lower prevalence and shorter duration than reported from industrialised countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]],"date-time":"2018-11-21T11:08:22Z","timestamp":1542798502000},"page":"143-154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Narrative review of methods and findings of recent studies on the carriage of meningococci and other <i>Neisseria<\/i> species in the African Meningitis Belt"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Aseffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique A.","family":"Caugant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanny","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology Noguchi Memorial Research Institute University of Legon Accra Legon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Kristiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin C. J.","family":"Maiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline L.","family":"Trotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.34.2.148"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/527401"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61612-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0663-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis892"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70288-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02056.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055486"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02165.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir623"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00479-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01717-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-363"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0546-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv211"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1975-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30244-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01428-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3789-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3806-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","first-page":"e01872017","article-title":"Nasal carriage rate and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Neisseria meningitidis in healthy Ethiopian children and adolescents: a cross sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Alemayehu T","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12125"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078336"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182575"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811001385"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70251-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.5.626"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268802008130"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30301-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002593"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; 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