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We investigated total IgG and mycobacteria\u2010specific antibodies in a cross\u2010sectional study nested within a rural Ugandan General Population Cohort (GPC<\/jats:styled-content>), in relation to HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection and the magnitude of HCMV<\/jats:styled-content> IgG response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Sera from 2189 individuals (including 27 sputum\u2010positive TB<\/jats:styled-content> cases) were analysed for antibodies against mycobacteria (Ag85A, PPD<\/jats:styled-content>, LAM<\/jats:styled-content>, ESAT<\/jats:styled-content>6\/CFP<\/jats:styled-content>10) and HCMV<\/jats:styled-content>, tetanus toxoid (TT<\/jats:styled-content>) and total IgG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Anti\u2010mycobacterial antibodies increased with age until approximately 20\u00a0years, when they plateaued. Higher HCMV<\/jats:styled-content> exposure (measured by IgG) was associated with lower levels of some anti\u2010mycobacterial antibodies, but no increase in total IgG. HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection was associated with a decrease in all anti\u2010mycobacterial antibodies measured and with an increase in total IgG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>The increase in anti\u2010mycobacterial antibodies with age suggests increasing exposure to non\u2010tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM<\/jats:styled-content>), and to M.tb<\/jats:italic> itself. HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection is associated with decreased levels of all mycobacterial antibodies studied here, and high levels of HCMV<\/jats:styled-content> IgG are associated with decreased levels of some mycobacterial antibodies. These findings point towards the importance of humoral immune responses in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\/TB<\/jats:styled-content> co\u2010infection and highlight a possible role of HCMV<\/jats:styled-content> as a risk factor for TB<\/jats:styled-content> disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T12:54:32Z","timestamp":1543668872000},"page":"247-257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["HIV<\/scp>, HCMV<\/scp> and mycobacterial antibody levels: a cross\u2010sectional study in a rural Ugandan cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Stockdale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London 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