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We examined factors associated with co\u2010infections and their clinical manifestation among Rwandan schoolchildren.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Schoolchildren aged 6\u201310\u00a0years attending 12 schools in Huye district, Rwanda, were recruited preceding routine deworming. Data on socioeconomic status (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content>) and children\u2032s histories were obtained, and children were clinically and anthropometrically examined. Blood and stool samples were collected, and infections with <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Ascaris<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> were determined by microscopy and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 878 schoolchildren, <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Ascaris<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> were present in 22%, 35% and 36%, respectively. Co\u2010infections with two or more parasites were found in 24%; only one\u2010third of the children did not harbour any of the parasites examined. Factors associated with parasite (co\u2010)infections largely overlapped and reflected low <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content>, in addition to a few specific risk factors. Clinically, most children were asymptomatic but anaemia (38%), underweight (17%), and reported signs and symptoms in the preceding 2\u00a0weeks (46%) were common. Many of the reported and assessed signs and symptoms were associated with <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection, and co\u2010infection with <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> and\/or <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> did basically not modify the clinical picture. One exception was malnutrition, which was pronounced in <jats:italic>Ascaris\u2013Giardia<\/jats:italic> co\u2010infection <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. individual mono\u2010infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parasitic co\u2010infections are common in Rwandan schoolchildren, and are associated with a rather silent clinical manifestation that nevertheless may affect school performance and long\u2010term development. School\u2010based health interventions should target such co\u2010infections in an integrated manner.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,19]],"date-time":"2019-01-19T20:20:13Z","timestamp":1547929213000},"page":"409-420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Co\u2010infections with <i>Plasmodium<\/i>,<i> Ascaris<\/i> and <i>Giardia<\/i> among Rwandan schoolchildren"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Dominik","family":"Geus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Sifft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Institute of Tropical Medicine and International 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